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Behavioral Neuroscience > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

caused by lack of vitamin B1, common in people with alcoholism.

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2
Q

Iconic memory

A

extremely brief, in sensory buffer

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3
Q

Short-term memory

A

usually 30s or so

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4
Q

Intermediate-term memory

A

outlasts STM but is not permanent.

e.g. what you had for breakfast

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5
Q

Long-term memory

A

lasts for years

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6
Q

Learning

A

the process of acquiring new information.

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7
Q

Memory

A

Ability to store information (a process)

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8
Q

Declarative memory

A

things you know and can tell others

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9
Q

Procedural memory

A

things you know and can show by doing

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10
Q

Episodic declarative memory

A

remembering an event

first day of school

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11
Q

Semantic declarative memory

A

remembering specific information

capital of france

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12
Q

Skill-learning procedural memory

A

knowing how to ride a bicycle

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13
Q

Priming procedural memory

A

Being more likely to use a word you heard recently

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14
Q

Conditioning procedural memory

A

Salivating when you see your favorite food

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15
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia

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16
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form memories after onset of a disorder

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17
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

a memory deficiency caused by lack of thiamine

chronic in alcoholics

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18
Q

confabulation

A

filling in a gap in memory

orbitofrontal cortex injury

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19
Q

pleasant emotional memories

A

usually remembered better than unpleasant ones

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20
Q

PTSD

A

Unwanted recall of fearful stimuli creates a feed-forward loop; each recall produces an emotional reaction that reinforces that memory

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21
Q

Propranolol

A

adrenergic antagonist, blocks effects of adrenergic stress hormones

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22
Q

Activation of brain areas for recalling pictures

A

right prefrontal cortex and left and right parahippocampal cortex are activated

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23
Q

Activation of brain areas for recalling words

same structures on the left side are activated

A

left prefrontal cortex and left and right parahippocampal cortex are activated

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24
Q

Most memories are stored in the _____.

A

cortex

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25
Q

Sleep after learning induces information transfer between _____ and _____.

A

hippocampus

medial prefrontal cortex

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26
Q

Episodic memories cause greater activation of the _____ and _____ lobes.

A

right frontal

temporal

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27
Q

Encoding episodic memories

A

anterior medial temporal system

28
Q

Retrieving episodic memories

A

posterior medial temporal system

29
Q

basal ganglia injury

A

impaired
Sensorimotor skills, such as mirror-tracing
Perceptual skills – learning to read mirror-reversed text
Cognitive skills – planning and problem solving

30
Q

Skill learning

A

Sensorimotor skills, such as mirror-tracing
Perceptual skills – learning to read mirror-reversed text
Cognitive skills – planning and problem solving

31
Q

Parahippocampal cortex & Hippocampus

A

formation of new declarative memories; temporal/spatial memory

32
Q

Amygdala

A

formation of memories that involve emotions

33
Q

Inferotemporal Cortex

A

visual images

34
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Source memory impaired: “memory for the context in which something was learned”, remembering HOW you learned something

35
Q

Basal ganglia and Cerebellum

A

nondeclarative (skill learning) for sensorimotor and motor patterns

36
Q

Mediodorsal Nucleus (thalamus)

A

connects to prefrontal lobe, which integrates and sorts memories

37
Q

Autobiographical and semantic memories remain stable and don’t decline with _____.

A

age

38
Q

executive function and navigation skills

A

decline as we age

39
Q

Alzheimer dementia

A

Most common dementia among people over 65

6 million people now have AD

40
Q

For every 5-year age group beyond 65, percentage of people with AD _____.

A

doubles

41
Q

AD _____ through the brain.

A

spreads

42
Q

_____ builds up in brains of Alzheimer patients.

A

Amyloid

43
Q

β-amyloid is broken down by _____.

A

apolipoprotein (ApoE)

44
Q

Failure of _____ allows amyloid to accumulate, which incites _____ that helps kill the cell.

A

ApoE

inflammation

45
Q

AD patients have extracellular accumulation of _____ and intracellular accumulation of _____.

A

beta-A4 amyloid (plaques)

tau (neurofibrillary tangles)

46
Q

_____ stabilizes microtubules

A

Protein tau

47
Q

In AD, _____ changes so microtubules collapse, and tau proteins clump to form _____.

A

tau

neurofibrillary tangles

48
Q

A synapse is _____ if it can change the strength with which it affects its target

A

plastic

49
Q

Neurons that _____ together _____ together

A

fire

wire

50
Q

Neurons that fire out of _____ lose their _____

A

sync

link

51
Q

Animals raised in enriched condition (EC) had

A

Increased AChE activity, thicker cortex, especially occipital
Increased dendritic branching, especially basal dendrites
Increased synaptic contacts (dendritic spines and synaptic size)

52
Q

Animals raised in enriched condition experience

A

Better learning and problem solving
Aids recovery from conditions such as malnutrition
May protect against age-related declines in memory

53
Q

Tetanus

A

brief electrical stimulation that triggers thousands of axon potentials

54
Q

After tetanus

A

EPSPs remain high for hours

55
Q

Hippocampus is the most important structure for

A

Long Term Potentiation

56
Q

Induction of LTP activates a _____ for the presynaptic neuron to release more _____.

A

retrograde signal

transmitter

57
Q

astrocytes are needed for _____ to develop

A

LTP

58
Q

After training, there are dips in memory strength, which are

A

transitions between stages of memory

59
Q

Blocking one stage of memory prevents formation of

A

next stage

60
Q

hippocampal atrophy reflects change in its volume, not

A

loss of neurons

61
Q

Enriched experience reduces…

A

glucocorticoid levels (which cause hippocampal atrophy) to allow better response to transient stress

62
Q

Enriched experience prompts…

A

nerve growth factor expression in hippocampus, which prevents hippocampal degeneration

63
Q

Enriched experience enlarges…

A

neural networks, cushions loss of synapses in aging

64
Q

Top-down processing uses the…

A

Dorsal frontoparietal system (voluntary)

65
Q

Bottom-up processing uses the…

A

Temporoparietal system (involuntary)

66
Q

ADD

A

a failure of top-down processing

Behavioral Neuroscience (14 decks)

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