Learning Flashcards
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
caused by lack of vitamin B1, common in people with alcoholism.
Iconic memory
extremely brief, in sensory buffer
Short-term memory
usually 30s or so
Intermediate-term memory
outlasts STM but is not permanent.
e.g. what you had for breakfast
Long-term memory
lasts for years
Learning
the process of acquiring new information.
Memory
Ability to store information (a process)
Declarative memory
things you know and can tell others
Procedural memory
things you know and can show by doing
Episodic declarative memory
remembering an event
first day of school
Semantic declarative memory
remembering specific information
capital of france
Skill-learning procedural memory
knowing how to ride a bicycle
Priming procedural memory
Being more likely to use a word you heard recently
Conditioning procedural memory
Salivating when you see your favorite food
Retrograde amnesia
loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
inability to form memories after onset of a disorder
Korsakoff syndrome
a memory deficiency caused by lack of thiamine
chronic in alcoholics
confabulation
filling in a gap in memory
orbitofrontal cortex injury
pleasant emotional memories
usually remembered better than unpleasant ones
PTSD
Unwanted recall of fearful stimuli creates a feed-forward loop; each recall produces an emotional reaction that reinforces that memory
Propranolol
adrenergic antagonist, blocks effects of adrenergic stress hormones
Activation of brain areas for recalling pictures
right prefrontal cortex and left and right parahippocampal cortex are activated
Activation of brain areas for recalling words
same structures on the left side are activated
left prefrontal cortex and left and right parahippocampal cortex are activated
Most memories are stored in the _____.
cortex
Sleep after learning induces information transfer between _____ and _____.
hippocampus
medial prefrontal cortex
Episodic memories cause greater activation of the _____ and _____ lobes.
right frontal
temporal
Encoding episodic memories
anterior medial temporal system
Retrieving episodic memories
posterior medial temporal system
basal ganglia injury
impaired
Sensorimotor skills, such as mirror-tracing
Perceptual skills – learning to read mirror-reversed text
Cognitive skills – planning and problem solving
Skill learning
Sensorimotor skills, such as mirror-tracing
Perceptual skills – learning to read mirror-reversed text
Cognitive skills – planning and problem solving
Parahippocampal cortex & Hippocampus
formation of new declarative memories; temporal/spatial memory
Amygdala
formation of memories that involve emotions
Inferotemporal Cortex
visual images
Prefrontal cortex
Source memory impaired: “memory for the context in which something was learned”, remembering HOW you learned something
Basal ganglia and Cerebellum
nondeclarative (skill learning) for sensorimotor and motor patterns
Mediodorsal Nucleus (thalamus)
connects to prefrontal lobe, which integrates and sorts memories
Autobiographical and semantic memories remain stable and don’t decline with _____.
age
executive function and navigation skills
decline as we age
Alzheimer dementia
Most common dementia among people over 65
6 million people now have AD
For every 5-year age group beyond 65, percentage of people with AD _____.
doubles
AD _____ through the brain.
spreads
_____ builds up in brains of Alzheimer patients.
Amyloid
β-amyloid is broken down by _____.
apolipoprotein (ApoE)
Failure of _____ allows amyloid to accumulate, which incites _____ that helps kill the cell.
ApoE
inflammation
AD patients have extracellular accumulation of _____ and intracellular accumulation of _____.
beta-A4 amyloid (plaques)
tau (neurofibrillary tangles)
_____ stabilizes microtubules
Protein tau
In AD, _____ changes so microtubules collapse, and tau proteins clump to form _____.
tau
neurofibrillary tangles
A synapse is _____ if it can change the strength with which it affects its target
plastic
Neurons that _____ together _____ together
fire
wire
Neurons that fire out of _____ lose their _____
sync
link
Animals raised in enriched condition (EC) had
Increased AChE activity, thicker cortex, especially occipital
Increased dendritic branching, especially basal dendrites
Increased synaptic contacts (dendritic spines and synaptic size)
Animals raised in enriched condition experience
Better learning and problem solving
Aids recovery from conditions such as malnutrition
May protect against age-related declines in memory
Tetanus
brief electrical stimulation that triggers thousands of axon potentials
After tetanus
EPSPs remain high for hours
Hippocampus is the most important structure for
Long Term Potentiation
Induction of LTP activates a _____ for the presynaptic neuron to release more _____.
retrograde signal
transmitter
astrocytes are needed for _____ to develop
LTP
After training, there are dips in memory strength, which are
transitions between stages of memory
Blocking one stage of memory prevents formation of
next stage
hippocampal atrophy reflects change in its volume, not
loss of neurons
Enriched experience reduces…
glucocorticoid levels (which cause hippocampal atrophy) to allow better response to transient stress
Enriched experience prompts…
nerve growth factor expression in hippocampus, which prevents hippocampal degeneration
Enriched experience enlarges…
neural networks, cushions loss of synapses in aging
Top-down processing uses the…
Dorsal frontoparietal system (voluntary)
Bottom-up processing uses the…
Temporoparietal system (involuntary)
ADD
a failure of top-down processing
