Learning

Question 1

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 1

caused by lack of vitamin B1, common in people with alcoholism.

Question 2

Iconic memory

Answer 2

extremely brief, in sensory buffer

Question 3

Short-term memory

Answer 3

usually 30s or so

Question 4

Intermediate-term memory

Answer 4

outlasts STM but is not permanent.

e.g. what you had for breakfast

Question 5

Long-term memory

Answer 5

lasts for years

Question 6

Learning

Answer 6

the process of acquiring new information.

Question 7

Memory

Answer 7

Ability to store information (a process)

Question 8

Declarative memory

Answer 8

things you know and can tell others

Question 9

Procedural memory

Answer 9

things you know and can show by doing

Question 10

Episodic declarative memory

Answer 10

remembering an event

first day of school

Question 11

Semantic declarative memory

Answer 11

remembering specific information

capital of france

Question 12

Skill-learning procedural memory

Answer 12

knowing how to ride a bicycle

Question 13

Priming procedural memory

Answer 13

Being more likely to use a word you heard recently

Question 14

Conditioning procedural memory

Answer 14

Salivating when you see your favorite food

Question 15

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 15

loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia

Question 16

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 16

inability to form memories after onset of a disorder

Question 17

Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 17

a memory deficiency caused by lack of thiamine

chronic in alcoholics

Question 18

confabulation

Answer 18

filling in a gap in memory

orbitofrontal cortex injury

Question 19

pleasant emotional memories

Answer 19

usually remembered better than unpleasant ones

Question 20

PTSD

Answer 20

Unwanted recall of fearful stimuli creates a feed-forward loop; each recall produces an emotional reaction that reinforces that memory

Question 21

Propranolol

Answer 21

adrenergic antagonist, blocks effects of adrenergic stress hormones

Question 22

Activation of brain areas for recalling pictures

Answer 22

right prefrontal cortex and left and right parahippocampal cortex are activated

Question 23

Activation of brain areas for recalling words

same structures on the left side are activated

Answer 23

left prefrontal cortex and left and right parahippocampal cortex are activated

Question 24

Most memories are stored in the _____.

Answer 24

cortex

Question 25

Sleep after learning induces information transfer between _____ and _____.

Answer 25

hippocampus | medial prefrontal cortex

Question 26

Episodic memories cause greater activation of the _____ and _____ lobes.

Answer 26

right frontal | temporal

Question 27

Encoding episodic memories

Answer 27

anterior medial temporal system

Question 28

Retrieving episodic memories

Answer 28

posterior medial temporal system

Question 29

basal ganglia injury

Answer 29

impaired Sensorimotor skills, such as mirror-tracing Perceptual skills – learning to read mirror-reversed text Cognitive skills – planning and problem solving

Question 30

Skill learning

Answer 30

Sensorimotor skills, such as mirror-tracing Perceptual skills – learning to read mirror-reversed text Cognitive skills – planning and problem solving

Question 31

Parahippocampal cortex & Hippocampus

Answer 31

formation of new declarative memories; temporal/spatial memory

Question 32

Amygdala

Answer 32

formation of memories that involve emotions

Question 33

Inferotemporal Cortex

Answer 33

visual images

Question 34

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 34

Source memory impaired: "memory for the context in which something was learned", remembering HOW you learned something

Question 35

Basal ganglia and Cerebellum

Answer 35

nondeclarative (skill learning) for sensorimotor and motor patterns

Question 36

Mediodorsal Nucleus (thalamus)

Answer 36

connects to prefrontal lobe, which integrates and sorts memories

Question 37

Autobiographical and semantic memories remain stable and don't decline with _____.

Answer 37

age

Question 38

executive function and navigation skills

Answer 38

decline as we age

Question 39

Alzheimer dementia

Answer 39

Most common dementia among people over 65 | 6 million people now have AD

Question 40

For every 5-year age group beyond 65, percentage of people with AD _____.

Answer 40

doubles

Question 41

AD _____ through the brain.

Answer 41

spreads

Question 42

_____ builds up in brains of Alzheimer patients.

Answer 42

Amyloid

Question 43

β-amyloid is broken down by _____.

Answer 43

apolipoprotein (ApoE)

Question 44

Failure of _____ allows amyloid to accumulate, which incites _____ that helps kill the cell.

Answer 44

ApoE | inflammation

Question 45

AD patients have extracellular accumulation of _____ and intracellular accumulation of _____.

Answer 45

beta-A4 amyloid (plaques) | tau (neurofibrillary tangles)

Question 46

_____ stabilizes microtubules

Answer 46

Protein tau

Question 47

In AD, _____ changes so microtubules collapse, and tau proteins clump to form _____.

Answer 47

tau | neurofibrillary tangles

Question 48

A synapse is _____ if it can change the strength with which it affects its target

Answer 48

plastic

Question 49

Neurons that _____ together _____ together

Answer 49

fire | wire

Question 50

Neurons that fire out of _____ lose their _____

Answer 50

sync | link

Question 51

Animals raised in enriched condition (EC) had

Answer 51

Increased AChE activity, thicker cortex, especially occipital Increased dendritic branching, especially basal dendrites Increased synaptic contacts (dendritic spines and synaptic size)

Question 52

Animals raised in enriched condition experience

Answer 52

Better learning and problem solving Aids recovery from conditions such as malnutrition May protect against age-related declines in memory

Question 53

Tetanus

Answer 53

brief electrical stimulation that triggers thousands of axon potentials

Question 54

After tetanus

Answer 54

EPSPs remain high for hours

Question 55

Hippocampus is the most important structure for

Answer 55

Long Term Potentiation

Question 56

Induction of LTP activates a _____ for the presynaptic neuron to release more _____.

Answer 56

retrograde signal | transmitter

Question 57

astrocytes are needed for _____ to develop

Answer 57

LTP

Question 58

After training, there are dips in memory strength, which are

Answer 58

transitions between stages of memory

Question 59

Blocking one stage of memory prevents formation of

Answer 59

next stage

Question 60

hippocampal atrophy reflects change in its volume, not

Answer 60

loss of neurons

Question 61

Enriched experience reduces...

Answer 61

glucocorticoid levels (which cause hippocampal atrophy) to allow better response to transient stress

Question 62

Enriched experience prompts...

Answer 62

nerve growth factor expression in hippocampus, which prevents hippocampal degeneration

Question 63

Enriched experience enlarges...

Answer 63

neural networks, cushions loss of synapses in aging

Question 64

Top-down processing uses the...

Answer 64

Dorsal frontoparietal system (voluntary)

Question 65

Bottom-up processing uses the...

Answer 65

Temporoparietal system (involuntary)

Question 66

ADD

Answer 66

a failure of top-down processing