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Behavioral Neuroscience > Motor Control > Flashcards

Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

Chorea

A

An abnormal involuntary movement disorder

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2
Q

Movements

A

simple reflexes with brief muscle activation

eyeblink, hiccup, finger twitch

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3
Q

Acts/action patterns

A

Complex, sequential movements

honking your car horn, writing your name, playing lead guitar

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4
Q

Motor plan/motor program

A

a set of muscle commands established before the action occurs

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5
Q

Most of the brain’s activity is ultimately _____.

A

motoric

preparing to move, moving, correcting movement

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6
Q

Open-loop control

A

maximizes speed

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7
Q

Ballistic movements

A

rapid, completed no matter what sensory feedback is received

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8
Q

Closed-loop control

A

maximizes accuracy

information from what is being controlled flows back to the controlling device

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9
Q

Ramp movements

smooth movements

A

slower, sustained motions guided by feedback

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10
Q

Skeletal system and muscles power _____.

A

movement

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11
Q

Spinal cord controls _____.

A

skeletal muscles

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12
Q

The brainstem integrates _____.

A

motor commands

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13
Q

Primary motor cortex initiates _____.

A

commands for action

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14
Q

Nonprimary motor cortex initiates _____.

A

cortical processing

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15
Q

_____ tweak the brainstem, primary and nonprimary motor cortex.

A

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

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16
Q

Muscles that contract when others extend are _____.

A

antagonists

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17
Q

Muscles that act together are _____.

A

synergists

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18
Q

At rest, flexor and extensor muscles are ____.

A

balanced

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19
Q

A tremor is _____.

A

an alternation of flexor-extensor contraction

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20
Q

A muscle is composed of _____.

A

muscle fibers

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21
Q

muscle fibers contain two kinds of regularly arranged, overlapping filaments: _____ and _____ filaments.

A

thick (myosin)

thin (actin)

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22
Q

Striated muscles - voluntary – contain two types of fibers:

_____ and _____ muscle fibers

A

fast-twitch

slow-twitch

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23
Q

Slow-twitch fibers _____, _____, and _____.

A

contract slowly
resist fatigue
are the first to be recruited

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24
Q

Fast-twitch fibers _____, _____, and _____.

A

contract rapidly
fatigue easily
are the last to be recruited

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25
Q

Motoneurons send their axons to _____.

A

innervate muscles

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26
Q

Action potentials travel down the _____, which branches into many _____ near its target

A

motoneuron

terminals

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27
Q

The neuromuscular junction is where _____ and _____. meet

A

motor neuron terminal

muscle fiber

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28
Q

___ is released at the neuromuscular junction.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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29
Q

A motor unit is a motoneuron’s _____ and all of its _____.

A

axon

target fibers

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30
Q

The Innervation ratio is the _____.

A

number of fibers innervated by an axon

fibers/axon

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31
Q

Muscles that make fine, precise movements have only _____.

A

a few muscle fibers per axon

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32
Q

Action of muscles are guided by _____.

A

sensory feedback

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33
Q

Proprioception is the collection of information about _____ and _____.

A

body movements

position

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34
Q

Muscle spindles are responsive to _____.

A

muscle stretch

35
Q

Golgi tendon organs responsive to _____.

A

muscle contraction

less to stretch

36
Q

If a muscle is stretched, the muscle _____ to maintain its ‘preset’ length.

A

contracts

37
Q

Stimulation of Golgi tendon organs inhibits _____, thereby relaxing _____ and preventing _____.

A

motoneurons
extreme tension
damage

38
Q

When normal cortex input is cut off, the spinal cord becomes _____.

A

hyperreflexic

39
Q

Hyperreflexic

A

normal reflexes are exaggerated

40
Q

Clonus

A

muscular spasm involving repeated, often rhythmic contractions

41
Q

Pyramidal

A

muscles of the body

42
Q

Extrapyramidal

A

muscles of the head and neck

43
Q

The Pyramidal System Pathway is a _____.

A

two neuron chain

44
Q

The Pyramidal System Pathway involves neuron 1 from _____ to _____ in the medulla, where it crosses over, then down the _____ to end at the _____.

A

primary motor cortex
pyramid
spinal cord
anterior horn cell (motoneuron)

45
Q

The Pyramidal System Pathway involves neuron 2 from _____ to _____.

A

motoneuron

muscle

46
Q

Primary motor cortex changes as a result of _____.

A

learning

47
Q

Early music training results in _____.

A

expansion of motor cortex

48
Q

Nonprimary motor cortex is just anterior to __.

A

M1

49
Q

The supplementary motor area (SMA) encodes _____.

A

sequences of movements

50
Q

In the premotor cortex, neurons fire _____.

A

just before performing an activity

51
Q

Mirror neurons in _____ fire when observing _____.

A

premotor cortex

another doing that task.

52
Q

The _____ is located in the basal ganglia.

A

extrapyramidal system

53
Q

The cerebellum cortex contains _____ cells, which only send _____.

A

Purkinje

inhibitory messages

54
Q

The cerebellum guides movement through _____.

A

inhibition

55
Q

The _____ and _____ modulate movements

A

cerebellum

basal ganglia

56
Q

The _____ and _____ are more involved in early phase of a movement than the _____ and the _____.

A

primary motor cortex
basal ganglia
SMA
cerebellum

57
Q

Voluntary movements have _____ consequences.

A

postural

58
Q

The _____ predicts postural consequences of planned movement and acts to _____.

A

extrapyramidal system

prevent loss of balance

59
Q

Rhythmic activities, such as walking, are generated in the _____.

A

spinal cord

60
Q

Strength is largely a(n) _____.

power

A

pyramidal function

61
Q

Tone is largely a(n) _____.

posture

A

extrapyramidal function

62
Q

Pyramidal damage causes _____.

A

weakness

63
Q

Extrapyramidal damage causes _____.

A

impaired movement control

64
Q

Myopathy is a disease of _____, causing _____.

A

muscle fibers

muscular weakness

65
Q

Muscular dystrophy is the disorder of _____, caused by abnormal or no _____ production.

A

progressive degeneration of muscle

dystrophin

66
Q

_____ is a protein needed for normal muscle function and is produced by _____.

A

Dystrophin

X chromosome

67
Q

Myasthenia gravis is a(n) _____ in which patients develop antibodies to own _____.

A

autoimmune disorder
ACh receptors
(Weakness of skeletal muscles that develops over the day, resolves with rest/sleep)

68
Q

Poliovirus destroys _____ and sometimes _____.

A

spinal motoneurons

cranial motoneurons

69
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig’s disease is caused by _____ and results in _____.

A

the degeneration of motoneurons

consequent loss of their target muscles

70
Q

Spina bifida is a result of _____ deficiency in the mother during pregancy.

A

folic acid

71
Q

Spinal cord injuries result in _____.

_____, _____, and _____ below level of the injury are lost.

A

flaccid paralysis

Reflexes, sensation, strength

72
Q

Apraxia results in _____.

A

the inability to sequence movements

although no muscle paralysis exists

73
Q

New movements are _____.

A

ramped and feedback-controlled

slow, variable

74
Q

Well-learned movements are _____.

A

ballistic

fast, consistent

75
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a result of a defective gene for _____ is a(n) _____ cause of Parkinson’s.
Degeneration of _____ cells in the _____, which project to the basal ganglia also cause Parkinson’s disease.

A 
α-synuclein (a basal ganglia protein)
inherited
dopamine
substantia nigra
(can be treated with L-dopa)
76
Q

Common symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

tremors, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, and postural instability

77
Q

Chorea is a neurological disorder resulting in _____ and appear to _____.

A

irregular movements that are not repetitive or rhythmic
flow from one muscle to the next
(dancing arms and hands)

78
Q

Huntington’s chorea is caused by _____ and

It results in progressive destruction of the _____ and _____, as well as impairment of the .

A

repitition of the trinucleotide repeat gene (CAG), which is variable in length
(If it repeats too many times the disease develops)
caudate nucleus
putamen
Cerebral cortex

79
Q

Ataxia is a result of _____.

A

Cerebellar damage

impairs motor control

80
Q

_____ causes gait ataxia.

A

Alcoholism

Purkinje cells die

81
Q

Dystonia results in _____, _____, and _____.

A

sustained, patterned muscle contractions
abnormal sustained posture
basal ganglia dysfunction

82
Q

Tourette syndrome is a combination of _____ and _____, resulting from _____ and _____ disorder.

A

Tics
OCD
Basal ganglia
cortex

83
Q

Hemiparetic gait is caused by _____, resulting in _____.

A

motor cortex damage (such as stroke)
motor impairment
(Weakness (paresis) of voluntary movements)

Behavioral Neuroscience (14 decks)

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