Motor Control Flashcards by Marcus Fagioli

Chorea

An abnormal involuntary movement disorder

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Movements

simple reflexes with brief muscle activation

eyeblink, hiccup, finger twitch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Acts/action patterns

Complex, sequential movements

honking your car horn, writing your name, playing lead guitar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Motor plan/motor program

a set of muscle commands established before the action occurs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most of the brain’s activity is ultimately _____.

motoric

preparing to move, moving, correcting movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Open-loop control

maximizes speed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ballistic movements

rapid, completed no matter what sensory feedback is received

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Closed-loop control

maximizes accuracy

information from what is being controlled flows back to the controlling device

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ramp movements

smooth movements

slower, sustained motions guided by feedback

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Skeletal system and muscles power _____.

movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Spinal cord controls _____.

skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The brainstem integrates _____.

motor commands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary motor cortex initiates _____.

commands for action

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nonprimary motor cortex initiates _____.

cortical processing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____ tweak the brainstem, primary and nonprimary motor cortex.

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscles that contract when others extend are _____.

antagonists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscles that act together are _____.

synergists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

At rest, flexor and extensor muscles are ____.

balanced

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A tremor is _____.

an alternation of flexor-extensor contraction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A muscle is composed of _____.

muscle fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

muscle fibers contain two kinds of regularly arranged, overlapping filaments: _____ and _____ filaments.

thick (myosin)

thin (actin)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Striated muscles - voluntary – contain two types of fibers:

_____ and _____ muscle fibers

fast-twitch

slow-twitch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Slow-twitch fibers _____, _____, and _____.

contract slowly
resist fatigue
are the first to be recruited

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fast-twitch fibers _____, _____, and _____.

contract rapidly
fatigue easily
are the last to be recruited

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Motoneurons send their axons to _____.

innervate muscles

Action potentials travel down the _____, which branches into many _____ near its target

motoneuron | terminals

The neuromuscular junction is where _____ and _____. meet

motor neuron terminal | muscle fiber

___ is released at the neuromuscular junction.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A motor unit is a motoneuron’s _____ and all of its _____.

axon | target fibers

The Innervation ratio is the _____.

number of fibers innervated by an axon | fibers/axon

Muscles that make fine, precise movements have only _____.

a few muscle fibers per axon

Action of muscles are guided by _____.

sensory feedback

Proprioception is the collection of information about _____ and _____.

body movements | position

Muscle spindles are responsive to _____.

muscle stretch

Golgi tendon organs responsive to _____.

muscle contraction | less to stretch

If a muscle is stretched, the muscle _____ to maintain its ‘preset’ length.

contracts

Stimulation of Golgi tendon organs inhibits _____, thereby relaxing _____ and preventing _____.

motoneurons extreme tension damage

When normal cortex input is cut off, the spinal cord becomes _____.

hyperreflexic

Hyperreflexic

normal reflexes are exaggerated

Clonus

muscular spasm involving repeated, often rhythmic contractions

Pyramidal

muscles of the body

Extrapyramidal

muscles of the head and neck

The Pyramidal System Pathway is a _____.

two neuron chain

The Pyramidal System Pathway involves neuron 1 from _____ to _____ in the medulla, where it crosses over, then down the _____ to end at the _____.

primary motor cortex pyramid spinal cord anterior horn cell (motoneuron)

The Pyramidal System Pathway involves neuron 2 from _____ to _____.

motoneuron | muscle

Primary motor cortex changes as a result of _____.

learning

Early music training results in _____.

expansion of motor cortex

Nonprimary motor cortex is just anterior to __.

The supplementary motor area (SMA) encodes _____.

sequences of movements

In the premotor cortex, neurons fire _____.

just before performing an activity

Mirror neurons in _____ fire when observing _____.

premotor cortex | another doing that task.

The _____ is located in the basal ganglia.

extrapyramidal system

The cerebellum cortex contains _____ cells, which only send _____.

Purkinje | inhibitory messages

The cerebellum guides movement through _____.

inhibition

The _____ and _____ modulate movements

cerebellum | basal ganglia

The _____ and _____ are more involved in early phase of a movement than the _____ and the _____.

primary motor cortex basal ganglia SMA cerebellum

Voluntary movements have _____ consequences.

postural

The _____ predicts postural consequences of planned movement and acts to _____.

extrapyramidal system | prevent loss of balance

Rhythmic activities, such as walking, are generated in the _____.

spinal cord

Strength is largely a(n) _____. | power

pyramidal function

Tone is largely a(n) _____. | posture

extrapyramidal function

Pyramidal damage causes _____.

weakness

Extrapyramidal damage causes _____.

impaired movement control

Myopathy is a disease of _____, causing _____.

muscle fibers | muscular weakness

Muscular dystrophy is the disorder of _____, caused by abnormal or no _____ production.

progressive degeneration of muscle | dystrophin

_____ is a protein needed for normal muscle function and is produced by _____.

Dystrophin | X chromosome

Myasthenia gravis is a(n) _____ in which patients develop antibodies to own _____.

autoimmune disorder ACh receptors (Weakness of skeletal muscles that develops over the day, resolves with rest/sleep)

Poliovirus destroys _____ and sometimes _____.

spinal motoneurons | cranial motoneurons

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig’s disease is caused by _____ and results in _____.

the degeneration of motoneurons | consequent loss of their target muscles

Spina bifida is a result of _____ deficiency in the mother during pregancy.

folic acid

Spinal cord injuries result in _____. | _____, _____, and _____ below level of the injury are lost.

flaccid paralysis | Reflexes, sensation, strength

Apraxia results in _____.

the inability to sequence movements | although no muscle paralysis exists

New movements are _____.

ramped and feedback-controlled | slow, variable

Well-learned movements are _____.

ballistic | fast, consistent

Parkinson's disease is a result of a defective gene for _____ is a(n) _____ cause of Parkinson's. Degeneration of _____ cells in the _____, which project to the basal ganglia also cause Parkinson's disease.

``` α-synuclein (a basal ganglia protein) inherited dopamine substantia nigra (can be treated with L-dopa) ```

Common symptoms of Parkinson's disease include _____, _____, _____, and _____.

tremors, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, and postural instability

Chorea is a neurological disorder resulting in _____ and appear to _____.

irregular movements that are not repetitive or rhythmic flow from one muscle to the next (dancing arms and hands)

Huntington’s chorea is caused by _____ and | It results in progressive destruction of the _____ and _____, as well as impairment of the .

repitition of the trinucleotide repeat gene (CAG), which is variable in length (If it repeats too many times the disease develops) caudate nucleus putamen Cerebral cortex

Ataxia is a result of _____.

Cerebellar damage | impairs motor control

_____ causes gait ataxia.

Alcoholism | Purkinje cells die

Dystonia results in _____, _____, and _____.

sustained, patterned muscle contractions abnormal sustained posture basal ganglia dysfunction

Tourette syndrome is a combination of _____ and _____, resulting from _____ and _____ disorder.

Tics OCD Basal ganglia cortex

Hemiparetic gait is caused by _____, resulting in _____.

motor cortex damage (such as stroke) motor impairment (Weakness (paresis) of voluntary movements)