Visual Imagery Flashcards
Exam 3
Visual imagery
“seeing” in the absence of a visual stimulus
Visual imagery adds ________________________ to purely verbal techniques
another dimension/more information
Mental imagery
Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input
“Is thinking possible without images?” was a question of what debate?
Imageless thought debate
Paired-associate learning
Associating information with images
What was Paivio’s conceptual peg hypothesis?
Memory for words that evoke mental images is better than those that do not
What was Shepard and Metzler’s mental chronometry experiment?
Participants mentally rotated one object to see if it matches another object
Spatial correspondence between __________ and ___________________
imagery and perception
What is mental scanning?
Participants create mental images, scan them in their minds, then say when they completed the task
Kosslyn’s mental scanning experiment
Memorize the picture and create an image of it. Participants were then asked to move from part to part
It took longer for participants to mentally move ___________ distances than ____________ distances.
Long; short
More distractions when scanning _____ distances may have ______________ reaction time
longer; increased
Visual imagery is ___________
Spatial
Kosslyn’s island with seven locations, 21 trips experiment proved
that it took longer to scan for greater distances
Spatial representation is an ______________________ (weird word), which means that it accompanies _______________ but is not actually a part of it
epiphenomenon; real mechanism
Pylyshyn proposed that imagery is ____________
propositional; can be represented by abstract symbols
Propositional representation
Symbols, language; sentence to represent the information
Depictive representation
similar to realtistic pictures; actual replicant picture in mind
When thinking hard about something, some people look up and to the right. If they do not look up and to the right but still can process thoughts, this is an example of an ____________
epiphenomenon
Is it easier to detect details on large objects or small objects?
Large
There is a relationship between viewing _________ and _____________ of an object
distance; perception
What is the mental walk task?
Move closer to an object mentally until you are so close that it overflows your visual field
Mental walk task prove that you have to mentally move closer to a large/small animal compared to a large/small
small; large
Are objects in the mind ________ than objects in real life
A. larger
B. smaller
C. the same size
C. The same size
(Ex: elephants are still larger than rabbits)
Kosslyn’s results can be explained by using ____________________________ unconsciously. This is called the ________________
real-world knowledge
Tacit-knowledge explanation
Finke and Pinker’s dot arrow experiment results
longer reaction time when greater distance between the arrow and the dot (as if they were mental time traveling)
Perky (1910) really stupid banana experiment results
Mistake actual picture for a mental image
What did Farah’s letter visualization experiment prove
Shows the interplay between what you are seeing and what you imagined
Imagery neurons respond to both ________ and ___________ an object
perceiving and imagining
Le Bihan and coworkers used fMRI to measure _____________ neurons
Imagery
Le Bihan’s experiment proved that there was
overlap in the brain between imagining a stimulus and actually perceiving a stimulus
Ganis and coworkers found complete ________ of activation by perception and imagery in the front of the brain, but differences in the ______ of the brain
overlap; back
What part of the brain did the worst with perception and imagery overlap?
a. front
b. middle
c. back
C. Back
Mental images are more ___________, less activation keeps other things from _________
fragile; interfering
Amedi found that there was a deactivation of __________ areas of the brain
nonvisual
Brain activity in response to imagery (2)
- May indicate something is happening
- May not cause imagery
What is transcranial magnetic stimulation? (TMS)
Decreasing brain functioning in a particular area of the brain for a short time
What does TMS tell us about behavior?
If behavior is disrupted, the deactivated part of the brain is causing that behavior
How did a TMS to the visual cortex affect the brain during perception and imagery task?
The response time was slower for both
Brain activity in the visual area of the brain plays a _________________ for both perception and imagery
causal role
Patient M.G.S process (3)
- Completed mental walk task before (15 feet)
- Removed her right occipital lobe
- Completed mental walk task and could only approach 35 feet of the horse before it overflowed
What did M.G.S.’s mental walk task result prove?
That there is mirroring between imagery and perception
What is unilateral neglect?
Patient ignores objects in one half of visual field in perception and imagery
What was Guariglia’s dissociation in a brain-damaged patient?
Patient’s perception was intact, but mental images were impaired
R.M. dissociation (damage to parietal and occipital lobes)
Could draw accurate pictures of objects in front of him, but could not draw accurate pictures of objects from memory (using imagery)
C.K. dissociation
Inability to name pictures of certain items, but can draw pictures from memory
What did C.K.’s dissociation prove?
C.K.’s perception was impaired, while his mental images were fully intact
Is imagery a top-down or bottom-up process?
Top-down
Is visual perception a top-down or bottom-up process?
Botom-up
Perception is __________ and _______
automatic and stable
Imagery takes _________ and is _______
effort and is fragile
Chalmers and Reisberg flipping image (rabbit or duck)
Difficult to flip from one perception to another while holding a mental image of it
Method of Loci
Tie things you need to memorize with a location; placing images at locations
Pegword technique
Associate items to be remembered with concrete words
