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PSY322 Cognitive Psychology > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

Exam 1

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1
Q

What is attention?

A

The ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations in our environment

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2
Q

Selective Attention

A

Attending to one thing while ignoring others

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3
Q

Divided Attention

A

Paying attention to more than one thing at a time

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4
Q

Limited Attention

A

In Capacity or timing

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5
Q

Overt and Covert

A

We can consciously attend to information, but some information grabs our attention.

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6
Q

We do not attend to a ____________ fraction of the information in the environment

A

Large

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7
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

One message is presented in the left ear and another in the right ear

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8
Q

How did people study selective attention?

A

Dichotic listening,

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9
Q

In the unattended ear, participants reported that (2)

A

Knew there was a message and knew the speakers gender

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10
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

In a loud environment, you can hear certain things through the crowd

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11
Q

Models of selective attention

A

Early, intermediate, and late selection model

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12
Q

Early selection model

A

Broadbent’s filter model

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13
Q

Intermediate Selection model

A

Treisman’s attenuation model

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14
Q

Late selection model

A

MacKay

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15
Q

Broadbent’s filter model

A

Early selection model; filtering occurs before meaning is processed of anything; ONLY THE ATTENDED MESSAGE GOES THROUGH THE DETECTOR; NOT USED

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16
Q

Sensory memory

A

Holds all incoming information for a fraction of a second; temporary storage place that transfers all info to filter

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17
Q

How does the filter work in Broadbent’s model?***

A

Only the attended message is passed on to the next stage

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18
Q

How does the detector work in Broadbent’s model?

A

Processes all information to determine higher-level characteristics of the message

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19
Q

Short-term memory

A

Receives output of detector; holds info for 10-15 seconds

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20
Q

What could Broadbent’s model not explain?

A

The Cocktail party phenomenon

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21
Q

Why can people shadow meaningful messages and switch from ear to ear

A

The dear aunt Jane model

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22
Q

Treisman’s attenuation model

A

Intermediate selection model

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23
Q

What did Treisman’s attenuation model state?

A

Attended messages can be separated from unattended messages early in the information-processing system; selection can also occur later

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24
Q

What is the attenuator in Treisman’s model?

A

It analyzes incoming messages in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning.

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25
Q

Treisman’s model said attended message is let through at

A

Full strength

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26
Q

Treisman’s model said unattended message is let through at

A

weakened strength

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27
Q

Dictionary unit

A

Contains words, each of which has a threshold for being activated

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28
Q

Uncommon words have a ________ threshold, while common words have a ________ threshold

A

Higher; lower

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29
Q

The lower the threshold the __________ it is to be activated

A

Easier

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30
Q

Late selection models

A

Selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after information has been analyzed for meaning

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31
Q

MacKay Study

A

In attended ear, participants heard ambiguous sentences; In the unattended ear, they played misleading words; participants then chose which jambled sentence was closest to the meaning of the original

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32
Q

What came out of MacKay’s study?

A

Participants were unaware of the presentation of the biasing of words; The unattended ear bias helped participants select which sentence

33
Q

Processing capacity

A

how much information a person can handle at any given moment

34
Q

Perceptual load

A

The difficulty of a given task

35
Q

High-load

A

(difficult) tasks use higher amounts of processing capacity

36
Q

Low-load

A

(easier) tasks use lower amounts of processing capacity

37
Q

Overt Attention

A

Eye movements, attention, and perception

38
Q

Saccades

A

Rapid movement of the eyes from one place to another

39
Q

Fixations

A

Short pauses on points of interest

40
Q

How do we study overt visual attention?

A

Eye tracking

41
Q

Stimulus Salience

A

Areas that stand out and capture attention; bottom-up process

42
Q

Example of salience

A

color and motion are very attention grabbing

43
Q

Scene schema

A

Knowledge of what is contained in typical scenes; top-down

44
Q

Eye movements are also determined by the ____________

A

Task we are trying to complete

45
Q

What is the basis of covert attention?

A

Attention without Eye movement

46
Q

Precueing

A

directing attention without moving the eyes

47
Q

What did Posner determine about precueing?

A

Participants respond faster to a light at an expected location than at an unexpected location

48
Q

The Stroop Effect

A

Name of the word interferes with the ability to name the ink color; cannot avoid paying attention to the meaning of the words

49
Q

Divided Attention

A

Practice enables people to simultaneously do two things that were difficult at first

50
Q

Schneider and Shiffrin

A

Divide attention between remembering target and monitoring rapidly presented stimuli

51
Q

Memory set

A

one to four characters called target stimuli

52
Q

Test Frames

A

Can contain random dot patterns, a target, distractors

53
Q

What did Schneider and Shiffrin do in their experiment?

A

Initially presented a stimulus in a memory set. Then presented a series of 20 test frames very fast. Were then asked if their target from the memory set was in the frame.

54
Q

What was the conclusion of Schneider and Shiffrin’s experiment?

A

This experiment proved that with practice the subjects improved

55
Q

Overtime in S&S’s experiment, the participants reported the task to be ____________

A

automatic

56
Q

How does something go from controlled to automatic?

A

Intense practice

57
Q

If sometime the target is the distractor, the participant ______________________

A

will never make this an automatic experience

58
Q

100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study

A

Video recorder is placed in car; proves accident risk is 4x higher when using a cell phone

59
Q

Strayer and Johnston’s simulated driver experiment

A

Participants on phone missed twice as many red lights and took longer to apply the brakes

60
Q

In Strayer and Johnston’s experiment, what happened when using a “hands-free” cell phone?

A

The same results as holding the phone; proved that it does not matter where your hands are, it is where your mind is

61
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person may be looking directly at it (Ex: GORILLA VIDEO)

62
Q

Location-based visual attention

A

Moving attention from one place to another

63
Q

Object-based visual attention

A

Attention being directed to one place on an object

64
Q

What was Egly et al. Study?

A

Present a cue, then present a stimulus; measure how inaccurate cues changed the reaction time of a stimulus

65
Q

Reaction time fastest when the target __________________

A

appeared where indicated

66
Q

Reaction time remained fast when the target was _________________________

A

in the same cued rectangle

67
Q

The idea of Egly et al. is that the enhancing effect of attention spreads ___________________________________

A

throughout the object

68
Q

Attention can be based off of (2)

A
  1. Environment (the whole scene of a football game)
  2. Specific objects (a football)
69
Q

Change blindness

A

If shown two versions of a picture, the differences between them are not immediately apparent

70
Q

____________ requires concentrated attention and search

A

Task to identify differences

71
Q

What is Binding?

A

The process by which a color, form, motion, and location are COMBINED to create our perception of an object

72
Q

Feature Integration Theory (FIT)

A

How an individual combines features of an object to form a perception

73
Q

What is the preattentive stage in FIT?

A

Analyze the object into features

74
Q

What is the focused attention stage in FIT?

A

Combine the features of an object

75
Q

What was Treisman and Schmidt’s experiment?

A

Different shapes, colors, and sizes cause participants to combine features from the different stimuli

76
Q

Why do illusory conjunctions occur?

A

Features are “free-floating”; it takes focused attention to correctly identify objects

77
Q

R.M.: Patient with Balint’s syndrome

A

inability to focus attention on individual objects; high number of illusory conjunctions reported

78
Q

FIT is a mostly _______ processing

A

bottom-up; has to do with working with incoming stimuli

79
Q

Physiology of attention

A

attention enhances neural responding

PSY322 Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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