Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSY322 Cognitive Psychology > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

What is attention?

A

The ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations in our environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Selective Attention

A

Attending to one thing while ignoring others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Divided Attention

A

Paying attention to more than one thing at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Limited Attention

A

In Capacity or timing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Overt and Covert

A

We can consciously attend to information, but some information grabs our attention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

We do not attend to a ____________ fraction of the information in the environment

A

Large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

One message is presented in the left ear and another in the right ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How did people study selective attention?

A

Dichotic listening,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the unattended ear, participants reported that (2)

A

Knew there was a message and knew the speakers gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

In a loud environment, you can hear certain things through the crowd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Models of selective attention

A

Early, intermediate, and late selection model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Early selection model

A

Broadbent’s filter model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intermediate Selection model

A

Treisman’s attenuation model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Late selection model

A

MacKay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Broadbent’s filter model

A

Early selection model; filtering occurs before meaning is processed of anything; ONLY THE ATTENDED MESSAGE GOES THROUGH THE DETECTOR; NOT USED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensory memory

A

Holds all incoming information for a fraction of a second; temporary storage place that transfers all info to filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does the filter work in Broadbent’s model?***

A

Only the attended message is passed on to the next stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the detector work in Broadbent’s model?

A

Processes all information to determine higher-level characteristics of the message

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Short-term memory

A

Receives output of detector; holds info for 10-15 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What could Broadbent’s model not explain?

A

The Cocktail party phenomenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why can people shadow meaningful messages and switch from ear to ear

A

The dear aunt Jane model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Treisman’s attenuation model

A

Intermediate selection model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What did Treisman’s attenuation model state?

A

Attended messages can be separated from unattended messages early in the information-processing system; selection can also occur later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the attenuator in Treisman’s model?

A

It analyzes incoming messages in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Treisman's model said attended message is let through at
Full strength
26
Treisman's model said unattended message is let through at
weakened strength
27
Dictionary unit
Contains words, each of which has a threshold for being activated
28
Uncommon words have a ________ threshold, while common words have a ________ threshold
Higher; lower
29
The lower the threshold the __________ it is to be activated
Easier
30
Late selection models
Selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after information has been analyzed for meaning
31
MacKay Study
In attended ear, participants heard ambiguous sentences; In the unattended ear, they played misleading words; participants then chose which jambled sentence was closest to the meaning of the original
32
What came out of MacKay's study?
Participants were unaware of the presentation of the biasing of words; The unattended ear bias helped participants select which sentence
33
Processing capacity
how much information a person can handle at any given moment
34
Perceptual load
The difficulty of a given task
35
High-load
(difficult) tasks use higher amounts of processing capacity
36
Low-load
(easier) tasks use lower amounts of processing capacity
37
Overt Attention
Eye movements, attention, and perception
38
Saccades
Rapid movement of the eyes from one place to another
39
Fixations
Short pauses on points of interest
40
How do we study overt visual attention?
Eye tracking
41
Stimulus Salience
Areas that stand out and capture attention; bottom-up process
42
Example of salience
color and motion are very attention grabbing
43
Scene schema
Knowledge of what is contained in typical scenes; top-down
44
Eye movements are also determined by the ____________
Task we are trying to complete
45
What is the basis of covert attention?
Attention without Eye movement
46
Precueing
directing attention without moving the eyes
47
What did Posner determine about precueing?
Participants respond faster to a light at an expected location than at an unexpected location
48
The Stroop Effect
Name of the word interferes with the ability to name the ink color; cannot avoid paying attention to the meaning of the words
49
Divided Attention
Practice enables people to simultaneously do two things that were difficult at first
50
Schneider and Shiffrin
Divide attention between remembering target and monitoring rapidly presented stimuli
51
Memory set
one to four characters called target stimuli
52
Test Frames
Can contain random dot patterns, a target, distractors
53
What did Schneider and Shiffrin do in their experiment?
Initially presented a stimulus in a memory set. Then presented a series of 20 test frames very fast. Were then asked if their target from the memory set was in the frame.
54
What was the conclusion of Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment?
This experiment proved that with practice the subjects improved
55
Overtime in S&S's experiment, the participants reported the task to be ____________
automatic
56
How does something go from controlled to automatic?
Intense practice
57
If sometime the target is the distractor, the participant ______________________
will never make this an automatic experience
58
100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study
Video recorder is placed in car; proves accident risk is 4x higher when using a cell phone
59
Strayer and Johnston's simulated driver experiment
Participants on phone missed twice as many red lights and took longer to apply the brakes
60
In Strayer and Johnston's experiment, what happened when using a "hands-free" cell phone?
The same results as holding the phone; proved that it does not matter where your hands are, it is where your mind is
61
Inattentional blindness
Stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person may be looking directly at it (Ex: GORILLA VIDEO)
62
Location-based visual attention
Moving attention from one place to another
63
Object-based visual attention
Attention being directed to one place on an object
64
What was Egly et al. Study?
Present a cue, then present a stimulus; measure how inaccurate cues changed the reaction time of a stimulus
65
Reaction time fastest when the target __________________
appeared where indicated
66
Reaction time remained fast when the target was _________________________
in the same cued rectangle
67
The idea of Egly et al. is that the enhancing effect of attention spreads ___________________________________
throughout the object
68
Attention can be based off of (2)
1. Environment (the whole scene of a football game) 2. Specific objects (a football)
69
Change blindness
If shown two versions of a picture, the differences between them are not immediately apparent
70
____________ requires concentrated attention and search
Task to identify differences
71
What is Binding?
The process by which a color, form, motion, and location are COMBINED to create our perception of an object
72
Feature Integration Theory (FIT)
How an individual combines features of an object to form a perception
73
What is the preattentive stage in FIT?
Analyze the object into features
74
What is the focused attention stage in FIT?
Combine the features of an object
75
What was Treisman and Schmidt's experiment?
Different shapes, colors, and sizes cause participants to combine features from the different stimuli
76
Why do illusory conjunctions occur?
Features are "free-floating"; it takes focused attention to correctly identify objects
77
R.M.: Patient with Balint's syndrome
inability to focus attention on individual objects; high number of illusory conjunctions reported
78
FIT is a mostly _______ processing
bottom-up; has to do with working with incoming stimuli
79
Physiology of attention
attention enhances neural responding

PSY322 Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions