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PSY322 Cognitive Psychology > Long term memory: Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval > Flashcards

Long term memory: Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval Flashcards

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1
Q

Encoding

A

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory

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2
Q

Retrieval

A

Transferring information from LTM to working memory

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3
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repetition of a stimulus that maintains information but does not transfer to LTM (Ex: Pizza place phone #)

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4
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Using meanings and connections to help transfer information into LTM

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5
Q

Memory depends on how information is ___________

A

Encoded

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6
Q

Two depths of processing

A
  1. Shallow processing
  2. Deep processing
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7
Q

Shallow processing

A

Little attention to meaning, poor memory

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8
Q

Deep processing

A

Close attention to meaning, better memory

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9
Q

The best way of encoding is using ___________

A

Fill-in-the blank

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10
Q

Bransford and Johnson comprehension experiment

A

Presented difficult-to-comprehend information; group 1 saw the picture before reading
group 2 saw the picture after reading the passage
group 3 did not see the picture

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11
Q

Having a way to organize information (mental framework),

A

It aids memory encoding and retrieval

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12
Q

Why did the group that saw the picture before do better? ***

A

An image provided a mental framework that helped to make it easier to process/organize the information

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13
Q

Karpicke and Roediger study-and-test experiment with word pairs

A

Proved that testing memory retrieval can improve memory

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14
Q

The most effective study technique used in Roediger and Karpicke’s experiment was

A

Read a section and then taking a test

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15
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of transferring information from the LTM back into working memory

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16
Q

The most common failure of memory failure to

A

Retrieve

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17
Q

Cued recall

A

Using a cue to help retrieve information from the LTM

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18
Q

We learn information together with its ________

A

context

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19
Q

What did Baddeley’s “diving experiment” prove **

A

Best recall occurred when encoding and retrieval occurred in the same location

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20
Q

How did they perform the diving experiment?

A

A group put on scuba gear and went underwater to learn info while another group learned the info on land. Tests would then either stay on land/water or switch up

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21
Q

Studying in a noisy environment caused taking the test in a noisy environment to be better/worse for performance

A

better

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22
Q

Encoding specifity

A

Matching conditions causes better results for recall

23
Q

State-dependent learning

A

Learning is associated with a particular internal state

24
Q

Better memory if a person’s mood matches at encoding and retrieval is an example of

A

State-dependent learning/encoding specificity

25
Q

Memory task results improve if the type of processing used during encoding is the same as the type during retrieval is

A

transfer-appropriate processing

26
Q

Learning based on a _______ test is better than a rhyming test

A

memory

27
Q

Matching conditions can help improve/not improve memory

A

improve

28
Q

Learning with a rhyming test and taking a rhyming test is an example of

A

matching conditions

29
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Transformation of new memories from fragile state to more permanent state

30
Q

Synaptic consolidation

A

Rapid, occurs at synapses; very small scale

31
Q

Systems consolidation

A

Gradual, reorganization of neural circuits; much larger scales

32
Q

When in life does systems consolidation take place?

A

Sleep!

33
Q

What did Muller and Pilzecker’s study prove about system consolidation?

A

Even a 6 minute break between learning can help consolidate information to do better on a test

34
Q

What were Hebb’s theories about LTM

A

Learning and memory represented in the brain by changes in the synapse

35
Q

According to Hebb, synapse changing, which shows learning, shows the _____________

A

Neural record of experience

36
Q

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A
  1. Enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation
  2. Structural changes and enhanced responding
37
Q

What is the standard model of consolidation?

A

After encoding, activity of hippocampus fades with time.

38
Q

The hippocampus is very important for ____________

A

Encoding

39
Q

The standard model of consolidation is based partly on observation of ______________ memory loss

A

Injury/trauma-related

40
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events prior to the trauma

41
Q

Graded amnesia

A

Memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events

42
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Cannot make future memories

43
Q

Multiple trace model of consolidation

A

The hippocampus is activated during retrieval of both recent and remote memories
more of a NEUROSCIENCE approach

44
Q

How was the multiple trace model of consolidation found?

A

Through brain imaging

45
Q

Sleep can help enhance

A

Memory consolidation

46
Q

What is the main reason that we consolidate during sleep?

A

Sleeping stops interference from environmental stimuli

47
Q

Memory for task was stronger when participants expected to be _________________________

A

tested after awaking

48
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Retrieved memories become fragile and are consolidated again

49
Q

Memory is a “Work in progress” meaning that

A

Memory is constantly constructed and remodeled in response to changes

50
Q

What were the three steps of Brunet and coworkers experiment to do with PTSD

A
  1. Participants reactivated a traumatic memory
  2. Inject a drug to block amygdala stress receptors during reconsolidation
  3. Later reactivation of the same memory showed lower stress response
51
Q

Spacing effect

A

Memory is better for multiple short study session

52
Q

What is the “illusion of learning”

A

Familiarity does NOT MEAN comprehension

53
Q

What is elaborative studying?

A

Associate what you are learning with what you already know

PSY322 Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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