Long term memory: Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval Flashcards
Encoding
Acquiring information and transforming it into memory
Retrieval
Transferring information from LTM to working memory
Maintenance rehearsal
Repetition of a stimulus that maintains information but does not transfer to LTM (Ex: Pizza place phone #)
Elaborative Rehearsal
Using meanings and connections to help transfer information into LTM
Memory depends on how information is ___________
Encoded
Two depths of processing
- Shallow processing
- Deep processing
Shallow processing
Little attention to meaning, poor memory
Deep processing
Close attention to meaning, better memory
The best way of encoding is using ___________
Fill-in-the blank
Bransford and Johnson comprehension experiment
Presented difficult-to-comprehend information; group 1 saw the picture before reading
group 2 saw the picture after reading the passage
group 3 did not see the picture
Having a way to organize information (mental framework),
It aids memory encoding and retrieval
Why did the group that saw the picture before do better? ***
An image provided a mental framework that helped to make it easier to process/organize the information
Karpicke and Roediger study-and-test experiment with word pairs
Proved that testing memory retrieval can improve memory
The most effective study technique used in Roediger and Karpicke’s experiment was
Read a section and then taking a test
Retrieval
Process of transferring information from the LTM back into working memory
The most common failure of memory failure to
Retrieve
Cued recall
Using a cue to help retrieve information from the LTM
We learn information together with its ________
context
What did Baddeley’s “diving experiment” prove **
Best recall occurred when encoding and retrieval occurred in the same location
How did they perform the diving experiment?
A group put on scuba gear and went underwater to learn info while another group learned the info on land. Tests would then either stay on land/water or switch up
Studying in a noisy environment caused taking the test in a noisy environment to be better/worse for performance
better
Encoding specifity
Matching conditions causes better results for recall
State-dependent learning
Learning is associated with a particular internal state
Better memory if a person’s mood matches at encoding and retrieval is an example of
State-dependent learning/encoding specificity
