Long term memory: Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval Flashcards
Encoding
Acquiring information and transforming it into memory
Retrieval
Transferring information from LTM to working memory
Maintenance rehearsal
Repetition of a stimulus that maintains information but does not transfer to LTM (Ex: Pizza place phone #)
Elaborative Rehearsal
Using meanings and connections to help transfer information into LTM
Memory depends on how information is ___________
Encoded
Two depths of processing
- Shallow processing
- Deep processing
Shallow processing
Little attention to meaning, poor memory
Deep processing
Close attention to meaning, better memory
The best way of encoding is using ___________
Fill-in-the blank
Bransford and Johnson comprehension experiment
Presented difficult-to-comprehend information; group 1 saw the picture before reading
group 2 saw the picture after reading the passage
group 3 did not see the picture
Having a way to organize information (mental framework),
It aids memory encoding and retrieval
Why did the group that saw the picture before do better? ***
An image provided a mental framework that helped to make it easier to process/organize the information
Karpicke and Roediger study-and-test experiment with word pairs
Proved that testing memory retrieval can improve memory
The most effective study technique used in Roediger and Karpicke’s experiment was
Read a section and then taking a test
Retrieval
Process of transferring information from the LTM back into working memory
The most common failure of memory failure to
Retrieve
Cued recall
Using a cue to help retrieve information from the LTM
We learn information together with its ________
context
What did Baddeley’s “diving experiment” prove **
Best recall occurred when encoding and retrieval occurred in the same location
How did they perform the diving experiment?
A group put on scuba gear and went underwater to learn info while another group learned the info on land. Tests would then either stay on land/water or switch up
Studying in a noisy environment caused taking the test in a noisy environment to be better/worse for performance
better
Encoding specifity
Matching conditions causes better results for recall
State-dependent learning
Learning is associated with a particular internal state
Better memory if a person’s mood matches at encoding and retrieval is an example of
State-dependent learning/encoding specificity
Memory task results improve if the type of processing used during encoding is the same as the type during retrieval is
transfer-appropriate processing
Learning based on a _______ test is better than a rhyming test
memory
Matching conditions can help improve/not improve memory
improve
Learning with a rhyming test and taking a rhyming test is an example of
matching conditions
What is consolidation?
Transformation of new memories from fragile state to more permanent state
Synaptic consolidation
Rapid, occurs at synapses; very small scale
Systems consolidation
Gradual, reorganization of neural circuits; much larger scales
When in life does systems consolidation take place?
Sleep!
What did Muller and Pilzecker’s study prove about system consolidation?
Even a 6 minute break between learning can help consolidate information to do better on a test
What were Hebb’s theories about LTM
Learning and memory represented in the brain by changes in the synapse
According to Hebb, synapse changing, which shows learning, shows the _____________
Neural record of experience
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
- Enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation
- Structural changes and enhanced responding
What is the standard model of consolidation?
After encoding, activity of hippocampus fades with time.
The hippocampus is very important for ____________
Encoding
The standard model of consolidation is based partly on observation of ______________ memory loss
Injury/trauma-related
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for events prior to the trauma
Graded amnesia
Memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events
Anterograde amnesia
Cannot make future memories
Multiple trace model of consolidation
The hippocampus is activated during retrieval of both recent and remote memories
more of a NEUROSCIENCE approach
How was the multiple trace model of consolidation found?
Through brain imaging
Sleep can help enhance
Memory consolidation
What is the main reason that we consolidate during sleep?
Sleeping stops interference from environmental stimuli
Memory for task was stronger when participants expected to be _________________________
tested after awaking
Reconsolidation
Retrieved memories become fragile and are consolidated again
Memory is a “Work in progress” meaning that
Memory is constantly constructed and remodeled in response to changes
What were the three steps of Brunet and coworkers experiment to do with PTSD
- Participants reactivated a traumatic memory
- Inject a drug to block amygdala stress receptors during reconsolidation
- Later reactivation of the same memory showed lower stress response
Spacing effect
Memory is better for multiple short study session
What is the “illusion of learning”
Familiarity does NOT MEAN comprehension
What is elaborative studying?
Associate what you are learning with what you already know
