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PSY322 Cognitive Psychology > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

Exam 1

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1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Absorbing raw energy through our sensory organs

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2
Q

What is transduction?

A

Conversion of sensation energy to neuronal signals

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3
Q

What is attention?

A

Concentration of mental energy to process incoming information

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4
Q

What is perception?

A

Selecting, organizing, and interpreting these signals

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5
Q

Perception is

A

experience resulting from stimulation of the senses

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6
Q

Perception can change based on

A

added information

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7
Q

Are perceptual processes unique to humans?

A

It is very possible

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8
Q

How is artificial intelligence handling perception?

A

There has been minimal successes

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9
Q

Two types of information intake in the perceptual system

A
  1. Environmental energy stimulating the receptors
  2. Knowledge and expectations the observer brings to the situation
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10
Q

What is the direct perception theory?

A

Bottom-up processing

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11
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Bringing information in from the outside world; starts with the senses

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12
Q

What is the constructive perception theory?

A

Top-Down Processing

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13
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

Using information based on expectations and past experiences to construct perceptions; Starts with brain

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14
Q

What processes do the “multiple personalities of a blob” use?

A

Top-down influences allow different people to create different inferences

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15
Q

Speech segmentation

A

The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins

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16
Q

Transitional probabilities

A

Knowing which sound will likely follow another in a word (pre-tty ba-by)

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17
Q

Transitional probabilities are an example of ________ Processing

A

Top-Down; Uses prior knowledge to string words together

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18
Q

We use our _____________ to inform our perceptions

A

Knowledge

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19
Q

Some perceptions are the results of ________________ we make about the envionment

A

Unconscious assumptions

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20
Q

The Likelihood Principle

A

We perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences

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21
Q

Helmholtz’s Unconscious inference

A

Blue square in front of orange square is interpreted as two normal sized squares

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22
Q

What was the old-view of perceptual organization?

A

Structuralism

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23
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Perception involves adding up sensations; Bottom-up

24
Q

What is the new-view of perceptual organization?

A

Gestalt Principles

25
Q

What are the Gestalt Principles?

A

The mind groups patterns according to intrinsic laws of perceptual organization

26
Q

Principle of good continuation (Gestalt 1)

A

Lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path; rope on the beach

27
Q

Law of Pragnanz (Principle of simplicity or good figure) (Gestalt 2)

A

Every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible; Olympic Rings

28
Q

Principle of similarity (Gestalt 3)

A

Similar things are grouped together; Blue and red balls

29
Q

Principle of familiarity (Gestalt 4)

A

Things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful; The Forest has Eyes

30
Q

Perception is determined by Specific ______________, not just dark and _______

A

Organizing Principles; light stimuli activating the retina

31
Q

Experience can ____________ perception but is not the key driver

A

influence

32
Q

Oblique Effect

A

We perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations

33
Q

Light-from-above Assumption

A

We assume light comes from above because this is common in our environment

34
Q

What are sematic regularities?

A

The characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes (Ex: Food and cooking will be done in the kitchen, while bagging and packing will be done in an airport)

35
Q

Scene Schema

A

Knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains; diamonds or fish and chips at ring store

36
Q

Conceptions of Top-down processing

A

Unconscious inference and environmental regularities

37
Q

Conceptions of Bottom-up processing

A

Gestalt-principles

38
Q

Neurons become tuned to respond best to what we commonly experience; for example ___

A

horizontals and verticals; experience-dependent plasticity

39
Q

What did Gauthier’s Greeble experiment prove? *

A

The FFA can be trained to respond to new stimuli over extensive training

40
Q

Why did facial stimuli decrease after Greeble training?*

A

Experience-dependent plasticity; The Greebles were looked at for hours, so human faces stopped stimulating anymore; The FFA is adaptive.

41
Q

The What Pathway

A

Determining the Identity of an object

42
Q

What is another name for the What pathway

A

Ventral/Perception Pathway (lower part of the brain)

43
Q

The Where Pathway

A

Determining the location of an object

44
Q

What is another name for the Where pathway?

A

Dorsal/Action Pathway (Upper part of brain)

45
Q

What cortex do the What and Where pathways move out of?

A

Visual cortex

46
Q

What do scientists do during the Brain Ablation model?

A

They damage parts of the brain on purpose to see which functions are removed.

47
Q

What is a single dissociation?

A

One function is lost, another remains

48
Q

What is a double dissociation?

A

Requires TWO individuals with different damage and opposite deficits

49
Q

What does double dissociation show us in the monkey example?

A

The What and Where streams must have different mechanisms AND operate independently of one another

50
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Neurons that respond while a subject watches an action being performed in the same way as if the subject was performing the action; “Monkey See, Monkey Do”

51
Q

What did Iacoboni find about mirror neurons?

A

Found a higher rate of mirroring if the subject’s intention to perform the action was greater

52
Q

Who founded the idea of the likelihood principle?

A

Helmholtz

53
Q

What is viewpoint invariance?

A

Being able to recognize a face from a bunch of different perspectives

54
Q

Inverse projection problem

A

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina

55
Q

Why is AI struggling with perception?

A

Perception is so complex; many viewpoints add up, different perspectives, familiar images, etc.

56
Q

Size consistency

A

Even though something is far away, we perceive it as normal because we know that the object is just far away

PSY322 Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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