Perception

Question 1

What is sensation?

Answer 1

Absorbing raw energy through our sensory organs

Question 2

What is transduction?

Answer 2

Conversion of sensation energy to neuronal signals

Question 3

What is attention?

Answer 3

Concentration of mental energy to process incoming information

Question 4

What is perception?

Answer 4

Selecting, organizing, and interpreting these signals

Question 5

Perception is

Answer 5

experience resulting from stimulation of the senses

Question 6

Perception can change based on

Answer 6

added information

Question 7

Are perceptual processes unique to humans?

Answer 7

It is very possible

Question 8

How is artificial intelligence handling perception?

Answer 8

There has been minimal successes

Question 9

Two types of information intake in the perceptual system

Answer 9

1. Environmental energy stimulating the receptors
2. Knowledge and expectations the observer brings to the situation

Question 10

What is the direct perception theory?

Answer 10

Bottom-up processing

Question 11

What is bottom-up processing?

Answer 11

Bringing information in from the outside world; starts with the senses

Question 12

What is the constructive perception theory?

Answer 12

Top-Down Processing

Question 13

What is top-down processing?

Answer 13

Using information based on expectations and past experiences to construct perceptions; Starts with brain

Question 14

What processes do the “multiple personalities of a blob” use?

Answer 14

Top-down influences allow different people to create different inferences

Question 15

Speech segmentation

Answer 15

The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins

Question 16

Transitional probabilities

Answer 16

Knowing which sound will likely follow another in a word (pre-tty ba-by)

Question 17

Transitional probabilities are an example of ________ Processing

Answer 17

Top-Down; Uses prior knowledge to string words together

Question 18

We use our _____________ to inform our perceptions

Answer 18

Knowledge

Question 19

Some perceptions are the results of ________________ we make about the envionment

Answer 19

Unconscious assumptions

Question 20

The Likelihood Principle

Answer 20

We perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences

Question 21

Helmholtz’s Unconscious inference

Answer 21

Blue square in front of orange square is interpreted as two normal sized squares

Question 22

What was the old-view of perceptual organization?

Answer 22

Structuralism

Question 23

What is structuralism?

Answer 23

Perception involves adding up sensations; Bottom-up

Question 24

What is the new-view of perceptual organization?

Answer 24

Gestalt Principles

Question 25

What are the Gestalt Principles?

Answer 25

The mind groups patterns according to intrinsic laws of perceptual organization

Question 26

Principle of good continuation (Gestalt 1)

Answer 26

Lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path; rope on the beach

Question 27

Law of Pragnanz (Principle of simplicity or good figure) (Gestalt 2)

Answer 27

Every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible; Olympic Rings

Question 28

Principle of similarity (Gestalt 3)

Answer 28

Similar things are grouped together; Blue and red balls

Question 29

Principle of familiarity (Gestalt 4)

Answer 29

Things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful; The Forest has Eyes

Question 30

Perception is determined by Specific ______________, not just dark and _______

Answer 30

Organizing Principles; light stimuli activating the retina

Question 31

Experience can ____________ perception but is not the key driver

Answer 31

influence

Question 32

Oblique Effect

Answer 32

We perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations

Question 33

Light-from-above Assumption

Answer 33

We assume light comes from above because this is common in our environment

Question 34

What are sematic regularities?

Answer 34

The characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes (Ex: Food and cooking will be done in the kitchen, while bagging and packing will be done in an airport)

Question 35

Scene Schema

Answer 35

Knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains; diamonds or fish and chips at ring store

Question 36

Conceptions of Top-down processing

Answer 36

Unconscious inference and environmental regularities

Question 37

Conceptions of Bottom-up processing

Answer 37

Gestalt-principles

Question 38

Neurons become tuned to respond best to what we commonly experience; for example ___

Answer 38

horizontals and verticals; experience-dependent plasticity

Question 39

What did Gauthier's Greeble experiment prove? *

Answer 39

The FFA can be trained to respond to new stimuli over extensive training

Question 40

Why did facial stimuli decrease after Greeble training?*

Answer 40

Experience-dependent plasticity; The Greebles were looked at for hours, so human faces stopped stimulating anymore; The FFA is adaptive.

Question 41

The What Pathway

Answer 41

Determining the Identity of an object

Question 42

What is another name for the What pathway

Answer 42

Ventral/Perception Pathway (lower part of the brain)

Question 43

The Where Pathway

Answer 43

Determining the location of an object

Question 44

What is another name for the Where pathway?

Answer 44

Dorsal/Action Pathway (Upper part of brain)

Question 45

What cortex do the What and Where pathways move out of?

Answer 45

Visual cortex

Question 46

What do scientists do during the Brain Ablation model?

Answer 46

They damage parts of the brain on purpose to see which functions are removed.

Question 47

What is a single dissociation?

Answer 47

One function is lost, another remains

Question 48

What is a double dissociation?

Answer 48

Requires TWO individuals with different damage and opposite deficits

Question 49

What does double dissociation show us in the monkey example?

Answer 49

The What and Where streams must have different mechanisms AND operate independently of one another

Question 50

What are mirror neurons?

Answer 50

Neurons that respond while a subject watches an action being performed in the same way as if the subject was performing the action; "Monkey See, Monkey Do"

Question 51

What did Iacoboni find about mirror neurons?

Answer 51

Found a higher rate of mirroring if the subject's intention to perform the action was greater

Question 52

Who founded the idea of the likelihood principle?

Answer 52

Helmholtz

Question 53

What is viewpoint invariance?

Answer 53

Being able to recognize a face from a bunch of different perspectives

Question 54

Inverse projection problem

Answer 54

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina

Question 55

Why is AI struggling with perception?

Answer 55

Perception is so complex; many viewpoints add up, different perspectives, familiar images, etc.

Question 56

Size consistency

Answer 56

Even though something is far away, we perceive it as normal because we know that the object is just far away