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PSY322 Cognitive Psychology > Short Term and Working Memory > Flashcards

Short Term and Working Memory Flashcards

Exam 2

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1
Q

What is Memory?

A

Processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about images, events, and ideas after the original information is no longer present.

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2
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin Modal Model of Memory

A

Contained Sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory

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3
Q

Sensory memory

A

Initial stage that holds all incoming information for a very short amount of time

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4
Q

Short-term memory

A

Holds five to seven items for about 15 to 20 seconds

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5
Q

Long-term memory

A

Holds a large amount of information for a very long time

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6
Q

What did the Modal model of memory show?

A

how incoming information can go through the different stages of memory

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7
Q

Control processes

A

Active processes that can be controlled by the person (Ex: Rehearsal)

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8
Q

Rehearsal

A

A controlled process that is through repeating a certain thing to help remember it (Ex: a phone number)

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9
Q

Information in sensory memory decays __________

A

very quickly

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10
Q

Persistence of vision

A

Retention of the perception of light (trail of light from a moving sparkler)

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11
Q

We see motion because we have ________

A

sensory memory

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12
Q

What did Sperling measure? *

A

The capacity and duration of sensory memory

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13
Q

How did Sperling measure this? *

A

An array of letters flashed quickly on a screen; participants were asked to report as many as possible

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14
Q

Whole report method

A

Participants were asked to report as many as could be seen; an average of 4.5/12

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15
Q

Partial report method

A

Participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report; Average 3.3/4 letters

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16
Q

Why did the partial report method yield better results?

A

It is a smaller response set

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17
Q

Delayed Partial report method

A

The presentation of tone was delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished

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18
Q

How was performance with the delayed partial report?

A

It decreased rapidly when the delay was longer

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19
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Brief sensory memory of the things that we see

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20
Q

How long is an iconic memory?

A

250-500 ms

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21
Q

What is the iconic memory responsible for?

A

The persistence of vision

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22
Q

Echoic memory

A

Brief sensory memory of the things that we head

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23
Q

How long is an echoic memory?

A

2-4 seconds

24
Q

What is the echoic memory responsible for?

A

Persistence of sound

25
Q

Measuring the duration of short-term memory in the MODAL MODEL OF MEMORY; How did performance differ between 3-18 seconds

A
  1. Read three letters, then a three-digit number
  2. Begin counting backward by threes
  3. After a set time, recall all three letters

3 seconds was 80%
18 seconds was 10%

26
Q

Digit span

A

How many digits a person can remember; typically five to eight

27
Q

What is chunking?

A

small units can be combined into larger meaningful units

28
Q

What did Ericsson and coworkers do?

A

Trained a college student with an average memory to use chunking

29
Q

What did Chase and Simon do for memory?

A

They did memory for chess pieces on a board

30
Q

What was the conclusion of Chase and Simon’s chess experiment?

A

Not being able to chunk can create a large loss of memory

31
Q

Working memory

A

Limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulating of information for complex tasks

32
Q

Differences between working memory and STM (2)

A
  1. STM holds information for a brief time
  2. WM is concerned with the storage and manipulation of information
33
Q

What is in the phonological loop?

A

Verbal and auditory information (similar to rehearsal loop)

34
Q

What is in the visuospatial sketch pad?

A

Visual and spatial information

35
Q

What did Brooks do with memory?

A

Memorize sentence and then consider each word (mentally); the response is a yes if it is a noun or no if it is a verb; CONDUCTING TWO VERBAL TASKS OVERLOADED THE PHONOLOGICAL LOOP

36
Q

What did Brooks find?

A

If the task and the response are on the same WM component, performance is much worse

37
Q

Phonological similarity effect

A

Letters or words that sound similar are confused

38
Q

Word length effect

A

Memory for lists of words is better for short words than long words; takes longer to rehearse long words

39
Q

Articulatory suppression

A

Speaking prevents one from rehearsing items to be remembered

40
Q

What are the most common effects of articulatory suppression? (3)

A
  1. Reduces memory span
  2. Eliminates word length
  3. Reduces phonological similarity effect for reading words
41
Q

Creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus accurately represents ___________

A

the Visuospatial Sketch Pad

42
Q

Shepard and Metzler brought to life the

A

Mental rotation task

43
Q

The central executive

A

acts as the ATTENTION CONTROLLER; focus, divide, and switch attention

44
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

Where the information that doesn’t fit in other categories go; BACKUP store

45
Q

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for incoming _________________and _________________ information

A

Visual and auditory

46
Q

What did Funashi and Coworkers do to monkeys?

A

Took single-cell recordings from a monkey’s prefrontal cortex in delayed-response task.

47
Q

What did the monkey experiment measure?

A

The duration of the working memory

48
Q

How does a neuron firing reflect memory?

A

As long as the neuron keeps firing, memory will stay active

49
Q

If a delay is too long, _______________

A

The monkey’s neuron would stop firing and memory would be lost

50
Q

What did Stokes conclude about neuronal networks?

A

Information is stored in short-term changes in neuronal networks

51
Q

Active-state

A

Information to be remembered causes neurons to be FIRED

52
Q

Synaptic state

A

Neuron firing STOPS, but connections between neurons are strengthened

53
Q

Input activates the ________

A

Neurons

54
Q

The synaptic state activates the _______

A

Connections

55
Q

High capacity WM individuals were less/more effective at ignoring distractors

A

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PSY322 Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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