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PSY322 Cognitive Psychology > Everyday Memory and Memory Errors > Flashcards

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors Flashcards

Exam 2

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1
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

Memory for specific experiences from OUR life

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2
Q

What is mental time travel?

A

Reliving an episodic/autobiographical memory

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3
Q

Autobiographical memories are _________, which means they contain spatial, emotional, and sensory components

A

Multidimensional

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4
Q

_____________ plays a role in forming and retrieving AM

A

Visual experiences

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5
Q

Both of the photos from Cabeza’s experiments activated the (2)

A

Medial temporal lobe
Parietal cortex

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6
Q

The own-photos from Cabeza’s experiments activated the (2)

A

Prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus

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7
Q

What did Cabeza’s experiment demonstrate about autobiographical memory?

A

Demonstrated the richness of AM; own photos activated memories on a more PERSONAL level

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8
Q

What events are remembered well in a person’s life? (3)

A
  1. Significant events in a person’s life
  2. Highly emotional events
  3. Transition points
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9
Q

Transition Point

A

The gap between changing from one thing to another; Remembered heavily **

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10
Q

What is the reminiscence bump?

A

Participants over the age of 40:
Memory is high for recent events and for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood.

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11
Q

What are the three possible explanations of the reminiscence bump?

A
  1. Self-image
  2. Cognitive
  3. Cultural life script
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12
Q

Self-image

A

Periods of assuming person’s self-image

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13
Q

Cognitive

A

Encoding is better during periods of RAPID change

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14
Q

Cultural life script

A

Personal events are easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script (Ex: Graduating high school at 18)

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15
Q

Primacy effect

A

Tendency to recall information presented at the start of a list better than information at the middle or end

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16
Q

Recency effect

A

Tendency to recall information presented at the end of the list compared to the beginning or middle

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17
Q

An example of changing the reminiscence bump is

A

Moving to the U.S. later in life (33-39); Cognitive hypothesis

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18
Q

The most supported cause of the reminiscence bump is **

A

The cognitive hypothesis

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19
Q

How does attaching strong emotion to events affect recall?

A

Highly emotional events are more easily and vividly remembered

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20
Q

Emotion improves memory, which would further improve _______

A

Consolidation

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21
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Memory for the CIRCUMSTANCES surrounding shocking, highly charged important events

22
Q

A highly emotional, highly vivid, and very detailed memory is called

A

A flashbulb memory

23
Q

Flashbulb memories are not “______________” memories

A

photograph

24
Q

Do flashbulb memories stay the same or change over time? Is the accuracy measured?

A

Change; No, just confidence in accuracy

25
Q

Repeated recall in flashbulb memories (2 steps)

A
  1. Initial description as soon as possible compared to the event
  2. Have people come back and attempt to summarize their memory
26
Q

The results of repeated recall suggests that these memories can be ___________

A

Inaccurate

27
Q

What makes a flashbulb memory special?***

A

We are CONVINCED they are accurate, but their accuracy depletes normally

28
Q

What is narrative rehearsal hypothesis?

A

Repeated viewing/hearing of event; could produce inaccuracy in own memories

29
Q

Memory= What actually happened + __________________________

A

Top-down processing (What we know, experiences, and expectations)

30
Q

Source memory

A

Process of determining origins of our memories

31
Q

Source monitoring error/Source misattributions

A

Misidentifying source of memory

32
Q

Cryptomnesia

A

Unconscious plagiarism of another’s works due to a lack of recognition of its original source

33
Q

What was Jacoby et Al’s “Becoming Famous Overnight” experiment?

A

Two groups (immediate test group and delayed test group)
1. Read Non famous names
2. Read a list of famous and nonfamous names and were asked to pick out the famous names

34
Q

What did the “Becoming Famous Overnight” experiment explain?

A

The source misattribution error; A GAP OF 24 HOURS IS ENOUGH FOR SOURCE MISATTRIBUTION TO WORK*****

35
Q

Bartlett’s “War of the Ghosts” experiment

A

Had participants attempt to remember a story from a different culture; exemplified repeated reproduction

36
Q

What were the results of the War of the Ghost experiment?

A

Over time, reproduction became shorter and inaccurate; THE STORY WAS CHANGED TO MAKE THE STORY MORE CONSISTENT WITH THEIR OWN CULTURE***

37
Q

What is the Illusory Truth Effect?

A

Enhanced probability of evaluating a statement is true after repeated presentation

38
Q

Why does the Illusory Truth Effect occur?

A

Occurs due to fluency or familiarity with the information; related to propaganda effect

39
Q

Pragmatic Inferences

A

Based on knowledge gained through experience

40
Q

Memory can be influenced by __________________________________ make based on their experiences and knowledge

A

inferences that people

41
Q

What is the list example of the pragmatic inferencing?

A

Putting words like rest, tired, awake, dream, and nap
Then testing asked if the word sleep was there.

42
Q

What is schema?

A

Knowledge about some aspect of the environment; What does the inside of a post office look like?

43
Q

What is script?

A

The conception of the sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience; Going to a restaurant

44
Q

Schemas and scripts can influence__________

A

Memory

45
Q

Memory can include information not actually experienced but ___________ because it is consistent with the _________

A

inferred; schema

46
Q

What are the advantages of constructive natures of memory? (2)

A
  1. It allows us to “fill in the
    blanks” in memory
  2. Cognition is very creative
47
Q

What are the disadvantages of constructive natures of memory?

A

Sometimes we inaccurately fill in the blanks

48
Q

The misinformation effect

A

Presenting misleading information after an event can change how someone describes an event

49
Q

Misleading Postevent Information (MPI)

A

Being given information can lead to a change in memory of an event that someone directly witnessed

50
Q

Loftus “smashed or hit” experience

A

Participants saw a video of a car accident. The way that questions were asked changed the participant’s idea of the speed they were going.

51
Q

Like other memory, ________________________________________ can be innacurate

A

eyewitness testimony

PSY322 Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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