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PSY322 Cognitive Psychology > Everyday Memory and Memory Errors > Flashcards

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

Memory for specific experiences from OUR life

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2
Q

What is mental time travel?

A

Reliving an episodic/autobiographical memory

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3
Q

Autobiographical memories are _________, which means they contain spatial, emotional, and sensory components

A

Multidimensional

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4
Q

_____________ plays a role in forming and retrieving AM

A

Visual experiences

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5
Q

Both of the photos from Cabeza’s experiments activated the (2)

A

Medial temporal lobe
Parietal cortex

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6
Q

The own-photos from Cabeza’s experiments activated the (2)

A

Prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus

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7
Q

What did Cabeza’s experiment demonstrate about autobiographical memory?

A

Demonstrated the richness of AM; own photos activated memories on a more PERSONAL level

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8
Q

What events are remembered well in a person’s life? (3)

A
  1. Significant events in a person’s life
  2. Highly emotional events
  3. Transition points
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9
Q

Transition Point

A

The gap between changing from one thing to another; Remembered heavily **

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10
Q

What is the reminiscence bump?

A

Participants over the age of 40:
Memory is high for recent events and for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood.

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11
Q

What are the three possible explanations of the reminiscence bump?

A
  1. Self-image
  2. Cognitive
  3. Cultural life script
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12
Q

Self-image

A

Periods of assuming person’s self-image

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13
Q

Cognitive

A

Encoding is better during periods of RAPID change

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14
Q

Cultural life script

A

Personal events are easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script (Ex: Graduating high school at 18)

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15
Q

Primacy effect

A

Tendency to recall information presented at the start of a list better than information at the middle or end

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16
Q

Recency effect

A

Tendency to recall information presented at the end of the list compared to the beginning or middle

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17
Q

An example of changing the reminiscence bump is

A

Moving to the U.S. later in life (33-39); Cognitive hypothesis

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18
Q

The most supported cause of the reminiscence bump is **

A

The cognitive hypothesis

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19
Q

How does attaching strong emotion to events affect recall?

A

Highly emotional events are more easily and vividly remembered

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20
Q

Emotion improves memory, which would further improve _______

A

Consolidation

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21
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Memory for the CIRCUMSTANCES surrounding shocking, highly charged important events

22
Q

A highly emotional, highly vivid, and very detailed memory is called

A

A flashbulb memory

23
Q

Flashbulb memories are not “______________” memories

A

photograph

24
Q

Do flashbulb memories stay the same or change over time? Is the accuracy measured?

A

Change; No, just confidence in accuracy

25
Repeated recall in flashbulb memories (2 steps)
1. Initial description as soon as possible compared to the event 2. Have people come back and attempt to summarize their memory
26
The results of repeated recall suggests that these memories can be ___________
Inaccurate
27
What makes a flashbulb memory special?***
We are CONVINCED they are accurate, but their accuracy depletes normally
28
What is narrative rehearsal hypothesis?
Repeated viewing/hearing of event; could produce inaccuracy in own memories
29
Memory= What actually happened + __________________________
Top-down processing (What we know, experiences, and expectations)
30
Source memory
Process of determining origins of our memories
31
Source monitoring error/Source misattributions
Misidentifying source of memory
32
Cryptomnesia
Unconscious plagiarism of another's works due to a lack of recognition of its original source
33
What was Jacoby et Al's "Becoming Famous Overnight" experiment?
Two groups (immediate test group and delayed test group) 1. Read Non famous names 2. Read a list of famous and nonfamous names and were asked to pick out the famous names
34
What did the "Becoming Famous Overnight" experiment explain?
The source misattribution error; A GAP OF 24 HOURS IS ENOUGH FOR SOURCE MISATTRIBUTION TO WORK*****
35
Bartlett's "War of the Ghosts" experiment
Had participants attempt to remember a story from a different culture; exemplified repeated reproduction
36
What were the results of the War of the Ghost experiment?
Over time, reproduction became shorter and inaccurate; THE STORY WAS CHANGED TO MAKE THE STORY MORE CONSISTENT WITH THEIR OWN CULTURE***
37
What is the Illusory Truth Effect?
Enhanced probability of evaluating a statement is true after repeated presentation
38
Why does the Illusory Truth Effect occur?
Occurs due to fluency or familiarity with the information; related to propaganda effect
39
Pragmatic Inferences
Based on knowledge gained through experience
40
Memory can be influenced by __________________________________ make based on their experiences and knowledge
inferences that people
41
What is the list example of the pragmatic inferencing?
Putting words like rest, tired, awake, dream, and nap Then testing asked if the word sleep was there.
42
What is schema?
Knowledge about some aspect of the environment; What does the inside of a post office look like?
43
What is script?
The conception of the sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience; Going to a restaurant
44
Schemas and scripts can influence__________
Memory
45
Memory can include information not actually experienced but ___________ because it is consistent with the _________
inferred; schema
46
What are the advantages of constructive natures of memory? (2)
1. It allows us to "fill in the blanks" in memory 2. Cognition is very creative
47
What are the disadvantages of constructive natures of memory?
Sometimes we inaccurately fill in the blanks
48
The misinformation effect
Presenting misleading information after an event can change how someone describes an event
49
Misleading Postevent Information (MPI)
Being given information can lead to a change in memory of an event that someone directly witnessed
50
Loftus "smashed or hit" experience
Participants saw a video of a car accident. The way that questions were asked changed the participant's idea of the speed they were going.
51
Like other memory, ________________________________________ can be innacurate
eyewitness testimony

PSY322 Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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