Language

Question 1

What is language?

Answer 1

System of communication using sounds or symbols

Question 2

What is the hierarchical system of language?

Answer 2

Components that can be combined to form larger units

Question 3

Are there specific ways that components should be arranged in language?

Answer 3

YES

Question 4

Deaf children were able to invent sign language to talk to one another. This exemplifies the

Answer 4

universality of languages

Question 5

Languages are “_________but ___________”

Answer 5

unique but the same

Question 6

What differ about languages?

Answer 6

Words, sounds, and rules

Question 7

What did B.F. Skinner believe in with language?

Answer 7

Verbal reinforcement
Language is learned through reinforcement (operant conditioning)

Question 8

What did Noam Chomsky believe in with language?

Answer 8

Syntactic Structures
Human language is coded in the genes

Question 9

Psycholinguistics

Answer 9

Discover psychological process by which humans acquire and process language

Question 10

How do we make sense of language?

Answer 10

Comprehension

Question 11

How do we actually make the sounds of language?

Answer 11

Speech production

Question 12

How is language represented in the mind?

Answer 12

Representation

Question 13

How do you acquire/develop language?

Answer 13

Acquisition

Question 14

Lexicon

Answer 14

all words a person understands (my language dictionary)

Question 15

Phoneme

Answer 15

Shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the MEANING of the words

Question 16

Morphemes

Answer 16

Smallest unit of language that has meaning or grammatical function

Question 17

Lexical semantics

Answer 17

Studying the meaning of words

Question 18

Bat –> Bet proves that changing just a small segment of a word can still change the overall connotation. What is this called?

Answer 18

Phoneme

Question 19

Do children use the same part of the brain as the adults when learning language?

Answer 19

NO

Question 20

The lower larynx is the _______ ___

Answer 20

voice box

Question 21

Do children have to be taught how to use a mirror? What does she lack?

Answer 21

Yes; self-awareness

Question 22

What makes the terrible twos?

Answer 22

The combination of now learning language and knowing self-necessities

Question 23

What is the lexical decision task?

Answer 23

Participants are shown a string of letters and are asked if it is a word or not

Question 24

What is the phonemic restoration effect?

Answer 24

“Fill in” missing phonemes based on the context of the sentence and portion of the word presented (Very top down-based)

Question 25

What is the word frequency effect?

Answer 25

We respond faster to high-frequency words

Question 26

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? a. Hierarchical structure b. Communication c. Governed by rules d. all of these make human language unique

Answer 26

B. Communication

Question 27

What did Rayner and Duffy's fixation and gaze time experiment solve?

Answer 27

People spend more time reading low-frequency words than high-frequency words

Question 28

What is variable word pronunciation?

Answer 28

Use context to understand words with unfamiliar pronunciations

Question 29

What is the age of acquisition?

Answer 29

Words learned earlier in life are processed faster than those learned later

Question 30

Word length effect

Answer 30

Shorter words are processed faster than long words

Question 31

Contextual consent

Answer 31

Words in highly constrained (predictable) sentences are processed faster and more likely to be skipped

Question 32

Easier to predict= processed (slower or faster)

Answer 32

Faster

Question 33

Speech segmentation

Answer 33

The perception of when a word ends and another starts without silence

Question 34

What is context?

Answer 34

Knowing what might be said based on the environment you are in

Question 35

Lexical ambiguity

Answer 35

Words have more than one meaning

Question 36

In lexical ambiguity, how do we know someone means one version of "cast" (like the show crew) and not "Cast" (like the fishing pole)?

Answer 36

Context

Question 37

Meaning dominance

Answer 37

Some meanings of words are used more frequently than others

Question 38

Biased dominance

Answer 38

When words have two or more meanings with different dominance (Tin [the can] vs. Tin [the ore])

Question 39

Balanced Dominance

Answer 39

When words have two or more meanings with about the same dominance (Cast [the crew] vs. cast [the fish])

Question 40

Dominance is determined by ______________ of use in written language

Answer 40

frequency

Question 41

What is syntax?

Answer 41

Rules for combining words into sentences

Question 42

Do syntax and semantics use the same mechanisms?

Answer 42

No

Question 43

What is parsing?

Answer 43

Mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases

Question 44

What do event-related potential and fMRI prove about the brain mechanisms?

Answer 44

Syntax and semantics use two separate types of mechanisms

Question 45

"The cats won't eating" sentence activates what? (syntax or semantics)

Answer 45

Syntax; word is wrong grammar

Question 46

"The cat won't bake" sentence activates what? (syntax or semantics)

Answer 46

Semantics; the word doesn't naturally fit because cats cannot bake

Question 47

Syntactic ambiguity

Answer 47

More than one possible structure, more than one possible meaning

Question 48

What is a garden path sentence?

Answer 48

Sentences that begin by appearing to mean one thing, but then end up meaning something else

Question 49

Garden path sentences illustrate _________________

Answer 49

Temporary ambiguity

Question 50

"Because he always jogs a mile seems a short distance to him" is an example of a

Answer 50

garden path sentence

Question 51

What is the syntax-first approach to parsing?

Answer 51

Listeners use heuristics (rules) to group words into phrases

Question 52

What is late closure?

Answer 52

Parser assumes that new word is a part of the current phrase

Question 53

Are the garden-path model and the syntax-first approach the same or different?

Answer 53

Same

Question 54

What is the Interactionist (constraint-based) approach to parsing?

Answer 54

Semantics influence processing as one reads a sentence, along with syntax

Question 55

What is more common in English; subject-relative construction or object-relative construction

Answer 55

65% of sentences in English are subject-relative construction

Question 56

Which approach does Tannenhouse and coworkers support? (Garden-path or interactionist) ****

Answer 56

Interactionist approach; syntax and semantic info are used simultaneously

Question 57

What is coherence?****

Answer 57

Representation of a text in one's mind so that information from one part of the text can be related to information in another part of the text

Question 58

Is there coherence between local parts of a story or the overall topic?

Answer 58

BOTH

Question 59

What is an inference?

Answer 59

Readers create information during reading not explicitly stated in the text

Question 60

What is an anaphoric inference? **

Answer 60

Connecting people/objects

Question 61

What is instrumental inferences? ****

Answer 61

Tools or methods

Question 62

What are causal inferences? ****

Answer 62

Events in one clause caused by events in a previous sentence

Question 63

"Rififi, the famous poodle, won the dog show. She has now won the last three shows she has enterered." She is referring to Rififi. What type of inference is this?

Answer 63

Anaphoric because it deals with a person

Question 64

"William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet while he was sitting at his desk." Shakespeare most likely used a pen, not a computer What type of inference is this?

Answer 64

Instrumental inference

Question 65

"Sharon took an aspirin. Her headache went away." The aspirin made the headache go away What type of inference is this?

Answer 65

Causal inference

Question 66

What is the situational model?

Answer 66

Mental representation of what a text is about (represent events as if EXPERIENCING THE SITUATION)

Question 67

According to Zwaan, the more a picture matching the story,

Answer 67

The quicker response time is