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PSY322 Cognitive Psychology > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

Exam 3

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1
Q

What is language?

A

System of communication using sounds or symbols

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2
Q

What is the hierarchical system of language?

A

Components that can be combined to form larger units

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3
Q

Are there specific ways that components should be arranged in language?

A

YES

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4
Q

Deaf children were able to invent sign language to talk to one another. This exemplifies the

A

universality of languages

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5
Q

Languages are “_________but ___________”

A

unique but the same

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6
Q

What differ about languages?

A

Words, sounds, and rules

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7
Q

What did B.F. Skinner believe in with language?

A

Verbal reinforcement
Language is learned through reinforcement (operant conditioning)

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8
Q

What did Noam Chomsky believe in with language?

A

Syntactic Structures
Human language is coded in the genes

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9
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

Discover psychological process by which humans acquire and process language

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10
Q

How do we make sense of language?

A

Comprehension

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11
Q

How do we actually make the sounds of language?

A

Speech production

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12
Q

How is language represented in the mind?

A

Representation

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13
Q

How do you acquire/develop language?

A

Acquisition

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14
Q

Lexicon

A

all words a person understands (my language dictionary)

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15
Q

Phoneme

A

Shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the MEANING of the words

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16
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest unit of language that has meaning or grammatical function

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17
Q

Lexical semantics

A

Studying the meaning of words

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18
Q

Bat –> Bet proves that changing just a small segment of a word can still change the overall connotation. What is this called?

A

Phoneme

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19
Q

Do children use the same part of the brain as the adults when learning language?

A

NO

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20
Q

The lower larynx is the _______ ___

A

voice box

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21
Q

Do children have to be taught how to use a mirror? What does she lack?

A

Yes; self-awareness

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22
Q

What makes the terrible twos?

A

The combination of now learning language and knowing self-necessities

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23
Q

What is the lexical decision task?

A

Participants are shown a string of letters and are asked if it is a word or not

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24
Q

What is the phonemic restoration effect?

A

“Fill in” missing phonemes based on the context of the sentence and portion of the word presented (Very top down-based)

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25
Q

What is the word frequency effect?

A

We respond faster to high-frequency words

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26
Q

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?
a. Hierarchical structure
b. Communication
c. Governed by rules
d. all of these make human language unique

A

B. Communication

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27
Q

What did Rayner and Duffy’s fixation and gaze time experiment solve?

A

People spend more time reading low-frequency words than high-frequency words

28
Q

What is variable word pronunciation?

A

Use context to understand words with unfamiliar pronunciations

29
Q

What is the age of acquisition?

A

Words learned earlier in life are processed faster than those learned later

30
Q

Word length effect

A

Shorter words are processed faster than long words

31
Q

Contextual consent

A

Words in highly constrained (predictable) sentences are processed faster and more likely to be skipped

32
Q

Easier to predict= processed (slower or faster)

A

Faster

33
Q

Speech segmentation

A

The perception of when a word ends and another starts without silence

34
Q

What is context?

A

Knowing what might be said based on the environment you are in

35
Q

Lexical ambiguity

A

Words have more than one meaning

36
Q

In lexical ambiguity, how do we know someone means one version of “cast” (like the show crew) and not “Cast” (like the fishing pole)?

A

Context

37
Q

Meaning dominance

A

Some meanings of words are used more frequently than others

38
Q

Biased dominance

A

When words have two or more meanings with different dominance (Tin [the can] vs. Tin [the ore])

39
Q

Balanced Dominance

A

When words have two or more meanings with about the same dominance (Cast [the crew] vs. cast [the fish])

40
Q

Dominance is determined by ______________ of use in written language

A

frequency

41
Q

What is syntax?

A

Rules for combining words into sentences

42
Q

Do syntax and semantics use the same mechanisms?

A

No

43
Q

What is parsing?

A

Mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases

44
Q

What do event-related potential and fMRI prove about the brain mechanisms?

A

Syntax and semantics use two separate types of mechanisms

45
Q

“The cats won’t eating” sentence activates what? (syntax or semantics)

A

Syntax; word is wrong grammar

46
Q

“The cat won’t bake” sentence activates what?
(syntax or semantics)

A

Semantics; the word doesn’t naturally fit because cats cannot bake

47
Q

Syntactic ambiguity

A

More than one possible structure, more than one possible meaning

48
Q

What is a garden path sentence?

A

Sentences that begin by appearing to mean one thing, but then end up meaning something else

49
Q

Garden path sentences illustrate _________________

A

Temporary ambiguity

50
Q

“Because he always jogs a mile seems a short distance to him” is an example of a

A

garden path sentence

51
Q

What is the syntax-first approach to parsing?

A

Listeners use heuristics (rules) to group words into phrases

52
Q

What is late closure?

A

Parser assumes that new word is a part of the current phrase

53
Q

Are the garden-path model and the syntax-first approach the same or different?

A

Same

54
Q

What is the Interactionist (constraint-based) approach to parsing?

A

Semantics influence processing as one reads a sentence, along with syntax

55
Q

What is more common in English; subject-relative construction or object-relative construction

A

65% of sentences in English are subject-relative construction

56
Q

Which approach does Tannenhouse and coworkers support? (Garden-path or interactionist) **

A

Interactionist approach; syntax and semantic info are used simultaneously

57
Q

What is coherence?**

A

Representation of a text in one’s mind so that information from one part of the text can be related to information in another part of the text

58
Q

Is there coherence between local parts of a story or the overall topic?

A

BOTH

59
Q

What is an inference?

A

Readers create information during reading not explicitly stated in the text

60
Q

What is an anaphoric inference? **

A

Connecting people/objects

61
Q

What is instrumental inferences? **

A

Tools or methods

62
Q

What are causal inferences? **

A

Events in one clause caused by events in a previous sentence

63
Q

“Rififi, the famous poodle, won the dog show. She has now won the last three shows she has enterered.”
She is referring to Rififi. What type of inference is this?

A

Anaphoric because it deals with a person

64
Q

“William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet while he was sitting at his desk.”
Shakespeare most likely used a pen, not a computer
What type of inference is this?

A

Instrumental inference

65
Q

“Sharon took an aspirin. Her headache went away.”
The aspirin made the headache go away
What type of inference is this?

A

Causal inference

66
Q

What is the situational model?

A

Mental representation of what a text is about (represent events as if EXPERIENCING THE SITUATION)

67
Q

According to Zwaan, the more a picture matching the story,

A

The quicker response time is

PSY322 Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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