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PSY322 Cognitive Psychology > Conceptual Knowledge > Flashcards

Conceptual Knowledge Flashcards

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1
Q

Conceptual knowledge

A

How we build our semantic memory; enables us to recognize objects and events to make inference about its properties

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2
Q

Concept

A

Mental representations used for a variety of cognitive functions

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3
Q

Categorization

A

The process by which things are placed into groups called categories

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4
Q

Categories are useful because they ______________

A

help understand individual cases not previously encountered

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5
Q

Categories involved “Pointers to knowledge”. What does this allow us to do?

A

It allows us to identify the special characteristics of a particular item

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6
Q

Caption

A

Knowing that something is in a category provides a great deal of information about it

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7
Q

Definitional approach to categorization

A

Coming up with a list of things that something needs to have to be a member of the category; DOES NOT WORK WELL

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8
Q

Family resemblance

A

Things in a category resemble one another in a number of ways, but do not have every single feature

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9
Q

The prototype approach

A

An abstract representation of the “Typical” member of a category

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10
Q

A prototype is the ___________ member of a category

A

Typical

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11
Q

A prototype is an ___________ people in the group but is not an actual _________________

A

average; member of the category

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12
Q

High prototypicality

A

A category member that closely resembles the category prototype

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13
Q

A high prototypicality for the group bird would be a ________

A

Robin, Blue Jay, or Sparrow

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14
Q

Low prototypicality

A

A category member does not closely resemble the category prototype

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15
Q

A low prototypicality for the group bird would be a _________

A

Penguin

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16
Q

There is a strong positive relationship between prototypicality and __________________________

A

Family resemblance

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17
Q

Low overlap = ______ Family Resemblance

A

Low

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18
Q

What is the typicality effect?

A

Prototypical objects are processed preferentially

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19
Q

Do we process high or low prototypical objects more rapidlY?

A

High

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20
Q

Sentence Verification Technique

A

Analyzing a sentence and saying if its true or false
Measured rate of reply

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21
Q

The questioner states “The apple is a fruit” and you reply with Yes in 200 ms. What does this examplify?

A

The sentence verification technique

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22
Q

The Exemplar Approach

A

The concept is represented by multiple examples (rather than a single prototype)

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23
Q

Examples in the exemplar method are ______________________

A

ACTUAL category members

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24
Q

Is the exemplar approach similar to the prototype approach?

A

Yeah

25
Q

What is the difference between the prototype approach and the exemplar approach? ***

A

The exemplar is an actual member of the category, while the prototype is a not real average of all members

26
Q

The pros are that _______ approach explains the typicality effect, easily takes into account atypical cases, and easily deals with variable categories.

A

The exemplar approach

27
Q

_____________ may work best for small categories (EX: presidents)

A

Exemplars

28
Q

__________ may work best for larger categories (Ex: birds)

A

Prototype

29
Q

Hierarchical structure

A

Group diverges from a very vague topic (vehicle) which branches down to individual groups (car, truck, bike), which branches even more into more specific groups (Ford F-150)

30
Q

Global (superordinate) classification

A

More vague; at the top of hierarchical structure

31
Q

Specific (subordinate)

A

Ultra specific; at the bottom of hierarchical structure

32
Q

In the middle of the hierarchical structure is _______________

A

Basic

33
Q

Going from basic to global, we lose/gain information

A

Lose a lot

34
Q

Going from basic to specific, we lose/gain information

A

Gain a little

35
Q

Children learning _______-level concepts sooner than other levels

A

Basic

36
Q

Semantic Networks

A

Concepts are arranged in networks that represent the way concepts are organized in the mind

37
Q

Collins and Quillian Semantic networks

A

Model for how concepts and properties are associated in the mind

38
Q

Node

A

Category/concept

39
Q

Concepts are __________

A

Linked

40
Q

Cognitive economy

A

Shared properties are only stored at higher-level nodes

41
Q

What is inheritance in the hierarchical model?

A

The lower layers share traits with the upper level; They inherit the traits

42
Q

Spreading activation

A

When you active a node, activity spreads across all connective links

43
Q

Lexical decision task

A

Participants are given a string of letters and are asked if it is a word or not

44
Q

Myer and Schvaneveldt’s semantic network experiment compared _____________________with ________________________

A

The reaction time of words associated with the reaction time of unassociated words

45
Q

What were the criticisms of Collins and Quillan? (3)

A
  1. Cognitive economy
  2. COULD NOT EXPLAIN THE TYPICALITY EFFECT
  3. Some sentence-verification results are problematic for the model
46
Q

Collins and Loftus update Collin’s previous hierarchical model by (3)

A
  1. Shorter links to connect relatively related concepts
  2. Longer links to connect less closely related concepts
  3. No more hierarchical structure; based on persons experience
47
Q

Collins and Loftus semantic networks had some defects. What were the 3?

A
  1. Predictive for some results, but not others
  2. Generated multiple experiments
  3. Lacked falsifiability
48
Q

What are the four proposals of how concepts are represented in the brain?

A
  1. Sensory-functional hypothesis
  2. Multiple-factor approach
  3. Semantic category approach
  4. Embodied approach
49
Q

Sensory-functional hypothesis

A

Different brain areas may be specialized to process information about different categories

50
Q

Double dissociations for categories “______________” and “______________” (artifacts)

A

Living things; nonliving things

51
Q

Living things are described based on ______________________, while artifacts (objects) are described based on ______________

A

Sensory properties; functions

52
Q

Semantic category approach

A

Specific neural circuits for specific categories (DIFFERENT WORDS ACTIVATE DIFFERENT PARTS OF BRAIN)

53
Q

Multiple factor approach

A

Focuses on areas with distributed representations and crowding

54
Q

Distributed representation

A

How concepts are divided within a category

55
Q

Crowding

A

When different concepts within a category share many properties

56
Q

The embodied approach

A

Knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object

57
Q

When do mirror neurons fire?

A

Fire when we do a task or we observe another doing that same task

58
Q

Semantic somatotopy

A

Correspondence between words related to specific body parts and the location of brain activation

59
Q

Do we have one explanation of how concepts are represented in the brain?

A

NO; use of all 4 approaches are used

PSY322 Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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