Conceptual Knowledge

Question 1

Conceptual knowledge

Answer 1

How we build our semantic memory; enables us to recognize objects and events to make inference about its properties

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

Mental representations used for a variety of cognitive functions

Question 3

Categorization

Answer 3

The process by which things are placed into groups called categories

Question 4

Categories are useful because they ______________

Answer 4

help understand individual cases not previously encountered

Question 5

Categories involved “Pointers to knowledge”. What does this allow us to do?

Answer 5

It allows us to identify the special characteristics of a particular item

Question 6

Caption

Answer 6

Knowing that something is in a category provides a great deal of information about it

Question 7

Definitional approach to categorization

Answer 7

Coming up with a list of things that something needs to have to be a member of the category; DOES NOT WORK WELL

Question 8

Family resemblance

Answer 8

Things in a category resemble one another in a number of ways, but do not have every single feature

Question 9

The prototype approach

Answer 9

An abstract representation of the “Typical” member of a category

Question 10

A prototype is the ___________ member of a category

Answer 10

Typical

Question 11

A prototype is an ___________ people in the group but is not an actual _________________

Answer 11

average; member of the category

Question 12

High prototypicality

Answer 12

A category member that closely resembles the category prototype

Question 13

A high prototypicality for the group bird would be a ________

Answer 13

Robin, Blue Jay, or Sparrow

Question 14

Low prototypicality

Answer 14

A category member does not closely resemble the category prototype

Question 15

A low prototypicality for the group bird would be a _________

Answer 15

Penguin

Question 16

There is a strong positive relationship between prototypicality and __________________________

Answer 16

Family resemblance

Question 17

Low overlap = ______ Family Resemblance

Answer 17

Low

Question 18

What is the typicality effect?

Answer 18

Prototypical objects are processed preferentially

Question 19

Do we process high or low prototypical objects more rapidlY?

Answer 19

High

Question 20

Sentence Verification Technique

Answer 20

Analyzing a sentence and saying if its true or false
Measured rate of reply

Question 21

The questioner states “The apple is a fruit” and you reply with Yes in 200 ms. What does this examplify?

Answer 21

The sentence verification technique

Question 22

The Exemplar Approach

Answer 22

The concept is represented by multiple examples (rather than a single prototype)

Question 23

Examples in the exemplar method are ______________________

Answer 23

ACTUAL category members

Question 24

Is the exemplar approach similar to the prototype approach?

Answer 24

Yeah

Question 25

What is the difference between the prototype approach and the exemplar approach? ***

Answer 25

The exemplar is an actual member of the category, while the prototype is a not real average of all members

Question 26

The pros are that _______ approach explains the typicality effect, easily takes into account atypical cases, and easily deals with variable categories.

Answer 26

The exemplar approach

Question 27

_____________ may work best for small categories (EX: presidents)

Answer 27

Exemplars

Question 28

__________ may work best for larger categories (Ex: birds)

Answer 28

Prototype

Question 29

Hierarchical structure

Answer 29

Group diverges from a very vague topic (vehicle) which branches down to individual groups (car, truck, bike), which branches even more into more specific groups (Ford F-150)

Question 30

Global (superordinate) classification

Answer 30

More vague; at the top of hierarchical structure

Question 31

Specific (subordinate)

Answer 31

Ultra specific; at the bottom of hierarchical structure

Question 32

In the middle of the hierarchical structure is _______________

Answer 32

Basic

Question 33

Going from basic to global, we lose/gain information

Answer 33

Lose a lot

Question 34

Going from basic to specific, we lose/gain information

Answer 34

Gain a little

Question 35

Children learning _______-level concepts sooner than other levels

Answer 35

Basic

Question 36

Semantic Networks

Answer 36

Concepts are arranged in networks that represent the way concepts are organized in the mind

Question 37

Collins and Quillian Semantic networks

Answer 37

Model for how concepts and properties are associated in the mind

Question 38

Node

Answer 38

Category/concept

Question 39

Concepts are __________

Answer 39

Linked

Question 40

Cognitive economy

Answer 40

Shared properties are only stored at higher-level nodes

Question 41

What is inheritance in the hierarchical model?

Answer 41

The lower layers share traits with the upper level; They inherit the traits

Question 42

Spreading activation

Answer 42

When you active a node, activity spreads across all connective links

Question 43

Lexical decision task

Answer 43

Participants are given a string of letters and are asked if it is a word or not

Question 44

Myer and Schvaneveldt's semantic network experiment compared _____________________with ________________________

Answer 44

The reaction time of words associated with the reaction time of unassociated words

Question 45

What were the criticisms of Collins and Quillan? (3)

Answer 45

1. Cognitive economy 2. COULD NOT EXPLAIN THE TYPICALITY EFFECT 3. Some sentence-verification results are problematic for the model

Question 46

Collins and Loftus update Collin's previous hierarchical model by (3)

Answer 46

1. Shorter links to connect relatively related concepts 2. Longer links to connect less closely related concepts 3. No more hierarchical structure; based on persons experience

Question 47

Collins and Loftus semantic networks had some defects. What were the 3?

Answer 47

1. Predictive for some results, but not others 2. Generated multiple experiments 3. Lacked falsifiability

Question 48

What are the four proposals of how concepts are represented in the brain?

Answer 48

1. Sensory-functional hypothesis 2. Multiple-factor approach 3. Semantic category approach 4. Embodied approach

Question 49

Sensory-functional hypothesis

Answer 49

Different brain areas may be specialized to process information about different categories

Question 50

Double dissociations for categories "______________" and "______________" (artifacts)

Answer 50

Living things; nonliving things

Question 51

Living things are described based on ______________________, while artifacts (objects) are described based on ______________

Answer 51

Sensory properties; functions

Question 52

Semantic category approach

Answer 52

Specific neural circuits for specific categories (DIFFERENT WORDS ACTIVATE DIFFERENT PARTS OF BRAIN)

Question 53

Multiple factor approach

Answer 53

Focuses on areas with distributed representations and crowding

Question 54

Distributed representation

Answer 54

How concepts are divided within a category

Question 55

Crowding

Answer 55

When different concepts within a category share many properties

Question 56

The embodied approach

Answer 56

Knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object

Question 57

When do mirror neurons fire?

Answer 57

Fire when we do a task or we observe another doing that same task

Question 58

Semantic somatotopy

Answer 58

Correspondence between words related to specific body parts and the location of brain activation

Question 59

Do we have one explanation of how concepts are represented in the brain?

Answer 59

NO; use of all 4 approaches are used