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VISUAL DICTIONARY (ALE) > VISUAL DICTIONARY XV > Flashcards

VISUAL DICTIONARY XV Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lowest division of a building or other construction partly or wholly below the surface of the ground, designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit its loads directly to the Earth?

A

FOUNDATION

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2
Q

What is a foundation system placed directly below the lowest part of a substructure and transferring building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure?

A

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

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3
Q

What is the part of a foundation bearing directly upon the supporting soil, set below the frostline and enlarge to distribute its load over a greater area?

A

FOOTING

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4
Q

What is the horizontal component of resistance developed by a soil mass against the horizontal movement of a vertical structure through the soil?

A

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

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5
Q

What is the horizontal component of pressure that a soil mass exerts on a vertical retaining structure?

A

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

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6
Q

What is the actual pressure developed between a footing and the supporting soil mass, equal to the quotient of the magnitude of the forces transmitted and the area of contact?

A

SOIL PRESSURE
CONTACT PRESSURE

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7
Q

What do you call the maximum unit pressure a foundation is permitted to impose vertically or laterally on a supporting soil mass?

A

ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE
ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY
ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE

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8
Q

What is the gradual subsiding of a structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates under loading?

A

SETTLEMENT

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9
Q

What is the gradual reduction in the volume of a soil mass resulting from the application of a sustained load and an increase in compressive stress?

A

CONSOLIDATION

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10
Q

What do you call a reduction in volume of a soil mass under the action of a sustained load, due chiefly to a squeezing out of water from the voids within the mass and a transfer of the load from the soil water to the soil solids?

A

PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
PRIMARY COMPRESSION

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11
Q

What do you call a reduction in volume of a soil mass under the action of a sustained load, due chiefly to adjustment of the internal structure of the soil mass after most of the load has been transferred from the soil water to the soil solids?

A

SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION

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12
Q

What is the relative movement of different parts of a structure caused by uneven settlement or failure of its foundation?

A

DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

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13
Q

What is the maximum depth at which soil is frozen or frost penetrates the ground?

A

FROSTLINE

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14
Q

What is an uplifting soil caused by the freezing of internal moisture?

A

FROST HEAVE

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15
Q

What is a softening of soil resulting from the thawing of frozen ground water?

A

FROST BOIL

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16
Q

What is a wall occurring below the floor nearest grade, designed to support an anchor the superstructure?

A

FOUNDATION WALL

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17
Q

What is a concrete slab placed over a dense or compacted base and supported directly by the ground, usually reinforced with welded wire fabric or a grid of reinforcing bars to control any cracking caused by drying shrinkage or thermal stresses?

A

GROUND SLAB
SLAB ON GRADE

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18
Q

What is a layer of coarse granular materials placed and compacted on undisturbed soil or prepared fill to prevent the capillary rise of moisture to a concrete ground slab ?

A

BASE COURSE

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19
Q

Refers to something that underlies or serves as a base or foundation

A

SUBSTRATUM
SUBSTRATE

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20
Q

What is a concrete footing extended laterally to distribute the foundation load over a wide enough area that the allowable bearing capacity of the supporting soil is not exceeded?

A

SPREAD FOOTING

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21
Q

What is the continuous spread footing of a foundation wall?

A

STRIP FOOTING

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22
Q

What is a single spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier?

A

ISOLATED FOOTING

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23
Q

What is a reinforced concrete footing extended to support a row of columns?

A

CONTINUOUS FOOTING

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24
Q

What is a reinforced concrete beam supporting a superstructure at or near ground level and transferring the load to isolated footings, piers or piles?

A

GRADE BEAM
GROUND BEAM

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25
Q

What is a reinforced concrete footing connected to a tie beam to another footing in order to balance an asymmetrical imposed load, as the perimeter of a building site?

A

CANTILEVER FOOTING
STRAP FOOTING

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26
Q

What is a continuous or strip footing that changes levels in stages to accommodate a sloping site or bearing stratum?

A

STEPPED FOOTING

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27
Q

What is a reinforced concrete footing for a perimeter column or foundation wall extended to support an interior column load?

A

COMBINED FOOTING

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28
Q

What is a thick slab-like footing of reinforced concrete supporting a number of columns or an entire building?

A

MAT

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29
Q

What is a mat foundation reinforced by a grid of ribs above or below the slab ?

A

RIBBED MAT

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30
Q

What is a composite structure of reinforced concrete slabs and basement walls serving as a mat foundation?

A

CELLULAR MAT

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31
Q

What is a mat providing a footing on yielding soil, usually for an entire building, placed so that the weight of the displaced soil exceeds the weight of the construction?

A

RAFT

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32
Q

What is the framework of crossing beams for spreading heavy loads over large areas?

A

GRILLAGE/GRID

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33
Q

What is a foundation used in yielding soil, having for its footing a raft placed deep enough that the weight of the excavated soil is equal to or greater than the weight of the construction supported?

A

FLOATING FOUNDATION

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34
Q

What is the foundation system that extends down through unsuitable soil to transfer building loads to a more appropriate bearing stratum well below the superstructure?

A

DEEP FOUNDATION

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35
Q

What is a system of piles, pile caps and tie beams for transferring building loads down to a suitable bearing stratum, used especially when the soil mass directly below the construction is not suitable for the direct bearing of footings?

A

PILE FOUNDATION

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36
Q

What is a stratum of soil or rock on which a footing bears, or to which a building load is transferred by a pile or caisson?

A

BEARING STRATUM

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37
Q

What is a pile driven at a specified angle to the vertical in order to provide resistance against lateral forces?

A

BATTER PILE

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38
Q

What is the component of a pile hammer located just below the ram, that transfers the driving force to the pile head?

A

ANVIL

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39
Q

What is a cap for protecting a pile head as well as the pile hammer during a driving operation?

A

CUSHION
CUSHION BLOCK
CUSHION HEAD

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40
Q

What is a machine for driving piles, usually composed of a tall framework supporting machinery for lifting a pile in position before driving, a driving hammer, and vertical rails or leads for guiding the hammer?

A

PILE DRIVER

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41
Q

What is a steel band encircling the head of a timber pile to prevent it from splitting when driven?

A

DRIVE BAND
PILE RING

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42
Q

What is a long slender column of wood, steel, or reinforced concrete, driven or hammered vertically into the earth to form part of a foundation system?

A

PILE

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43
Q

what is a pile depending principally on the bearing resistance of soil or rock beneath its foot for support?

A

END-BEARING PILE

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44
Q

what is the maximum axial and lateral loads permitted on a pile, as determined by a dynamic pile formula, a static load test, or a geotechnical investigation of the foundation soil?

A

ALLOWABLE PILE LOAD

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45
Q

What is the deviation of a pile from its plan location or from the vertical, resulting in a reduction of its allowable load?

A

PILE ECCENTRICITY

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46
Q

What is the permitted deviation of a pile from the vertical, for which a reduction in allowable load is not required?

A

PILE TOLERANCE

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47
Q

What is a heavy steel pipe driven with the lower end either open or closed by a heavy steel plate or point and filled with concrete?

A

PIPE PILE

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48
Q

What is a steel H-section driven as a pile, sometimes encased in concrete to a point below the water table to prevent corrosion?

A

H-PILE

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49
Q

what is a log driven usually as a friction pile, often fitted with a steel shoe and a drive band to prevent it from splitting or shattering?

A

TIMBER PILE

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50
Q

What is a hard, pointed or rounded foot of a pile or caisson for piercing underlying soil?

A

SHOE
DRIVE SHOE

51
Q

What is a precast, often prestressed concrete column, having a round, square, or polygonal section and sometimes an open core, driven into the earth by a pile driver until it meets the required resistance?

A

PRECAST CONCRETE PILE

52
Q

What is a pile constructed of two materials, such as a timber pile having a concrete upper section to prevent the portion of the pile above the water table from deteriorating?

A

COMPOSITE PILE

53
Q

What is a pile depending principally on the frictional resistance of the surrounding earth for support?

A

FRICTION PILE

54
Q

What is the friction developed between the sides of a pile and the soil into which the pile is driven, limited by the adhesion of soil to the pile sides and the shear strength of the surrounding soil mass?

A

SKIN FRICTION

55
Q

What is an additional load on a pile resulting from settling of fill, which tends to drag the pile downward into the soil?

A

NEGATIVE FRICTION

56
Q

What do you call the zone in a loaded soil mass bounded by an arbitrarily selected isobar of stress, as from a single or number of friction piles?

A

PRESSURE BULB

57
Q

what is any of several formulas by which the allowable axial load on a pile can be calculated from the energy required for a pile hammer to advance the pile foot a specified distance into the subsoil

A

DYNAMIC PILE FORMULA

58
Q

what is a test for determining the allowable axial load on a single pile, usually a fraction of the load required to reach a yield point, a point of resistance, or a point of refusal

A

STATIC LOAD TEST

59
Q

What is the point at which a pile load causes a specified net settlement after being applied continuously for a specified period of time?

A

POINT OF RESISTANCE

60
Q

What is the point at which no additional settlement takes place after a pile has been loaded continuously for a specified period of time?

A

POINT OF REFUSAL

61
Q

What is the point at which an increase in pile load produces a disproportionate increase in settlement?

A

YIELD POINT

62
Q

What is a reinforced concrete slab or mat joining the heads of a cluster of piles to distribute the load from a column or grade beam equally among the piles?

A

PILE CAP

63
Q

What is a reinforced concrete beam distributing the horizontal forces from an eccentrically loaded pile cap or spread footing to other pile caps or footings?

A

TIE BEAM

64
Q

What is a pile constructed by placing concrete into a shaft in the ground?

A

CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILE

65
Q

What is a concrete pile constructed by driving a steel pipe or casing into the ground until it meets the required resistance and then filling it with concrete?

A

CASED PILE

66
Q

What is a cylindrical steel section, sometimes corrugated or tapered for increased stiffness, driven or dropped in place to serve as a form for a cast-in-place concrete pile?

A

CASING

67
Q

What is a heavy steel tube or core that is inserted into a thin-walled casing to prevent it from collapsing in the driving process, and then withdrawn before concrete is placed in the casing?

A

MANDREL

68
Q

what is a concrete pile constructed by driving a concrete plug into the ground along with a steel casing until it meets the required resistance, and then ramming concrete into place as the casing is withdrawn?

A

UNCASED PILE

69
Q

what is a cast-in-place concrete pire having an enlarged foot to increase its bearing area and strengthen the bearing stratum by compression, formed by forcing concrete out at the bottom of the casing into the surrounding soil?

A

PEDESTAL PILE

70
Q

What is a bulge cast or formed at the bottom of a cast-in-place concrete pile to enlarge its bearing area and strengthen the bearing stratum by compression?

A

BULB

71
Q

What is a cast-in-place concrete foundation formed by boring with a large anger or excavating by hand a shaft in the earth to a suitable bearing stratum and filling the shaft with concrete?

A

PIER

72
Q

What is a pier, esp. when the boring is 2 ft (610 mm) or larger in diameter to permit inspection of the bottom?

A

CAISSON

73
Q

What is the base of a caisson enlarged to increase its bearing area?

A

BELL

74
Q

What is a caisson that is drilled into a stratum of solid rock rather than belled?

A

SOCKETED CAISSON

75
Q

What is a socketed caisson having a steel H-section core within a concrete-filled pipe casing?

A

ROCK CAISSON

76
Q

what is a base for a footing in soft soil, made by compacting sand in a cavity left by a timber pile?

A

SAND PILE

77
Q

what is a skeletal structure of relatively slender members designed to give shape and support to a bldg or other construction?

A

FRAME

78
Q

What is a structural frame whose resistance to lateral forces is provided by diagonal or other types of bracing?

A

BRACED FRAME

79
Q

What is a structural frame of linear members rigidly connected at their joints; applied loads produce axial, bending, and shear forces in all members of the frame since the rigid joints restrain the ends of the members from rotating freely?

A

RIGID FRAME
MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME

80
Q

What is a rigid frame connected to its supports with fixed joints, more resistant to deflection than a hinged frame but also more sensitive to support settlements and thermal expansion and contraction?

A

FIXED FRAME

81
Q

What is a rigid frame connected to its supports with pin joints, which prevents high bending stresses from developing by allowing the frame to rotate as a unit when strained by support settlements, and to flex slightly when stressed by changes in temperature?

A

HINGED FRAME

82
Q

What do you call the lateral displacement produced in a rigid frame by lateral loads or asymetrical vertical loading?

A

SIDEWAY

83
Q

What is a structural assembly of two rigid sections connected to each other and to its supports with pin joints?

A

THREE-HINGED FRAME

84
Q

What is a bldg constructed with a steep triangular frame resting directly on a foundation?

A

A-FRAME

85
Q

What do you call the junction of the top and either of the uprights of a bent?

A

KNEE

86
Q

what is a braced or rigid frame designed to carry vertical and lateral loads transverse to the length of a framed structure?

A

BENT

87
Q

What is a rigid frame of two columns and a beam defining a single bay?

A

PORTAL
SINGLE-BAY FRAME

88
Q

What is a rigid frame having a continuous beam supported by and rigidly connected to three or more columns?

A

MULTIBAY FRAME

89
Q

what is a framed beam structure having vertical web members rigidly connected to parallel top and bottom chords, considered not a true truss since its members are subject to nonaxial bending forces?

A

VIERENDEEL TRUSS
VIERENDEEL GIRDER

90
Q

What is a girder supporting a transfer column?

A

TRANSFER GIRDER

91
Q

What do you call a skeletal structure of parts fitted and joined together in order to support, define, or enclose?

A

FRAMEWORK

92
Q

What is a system of construction utilizing a framework of columns and beams to transmit bldg loads down to the foundation?

A

SKELETON CONSTRUCTION

93
Q

What is a floor or roof construction utilizing a framework of timber beams to support wood planks or decking?

A

PLANK-AND-BEAM CONSTRUCTION

94
Q

What is a system of construction utilizing repetitive, closely spaced, and sheathed members of dimension lumber or light-gauge steel to form the structural elements of a bldg?

A

LIGHT FRAME CONSTRUCTION

95
Q

What is a wall construction utilizing a framework of vertical posts and horizontal beams to carry floor and roof loads?

A

POST-AND-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
POST-AND-LINTEL CONSTRUCTION

96
Q

what is a large beam in a structural frame that supports secondary beams or joists?

A

PRINCIPAL BEAM
PRIMARY BEAM

97
Q

What is any beam that transmits its load to a primary beam?

A

SECONDARY BEAM

98
Q

What is any beam that transmits its load to a secondary beam?

A

TERTIARY BEAM

99
Q

What is a large principal beam designed to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length?

A

GIRDER

100
Q

Of or pertaining to a system of construction employing beams or lintels?

A

TRABEATED

101
Q

Of or pertaining to a system of construction employing arches or arched forms?

A

ARCUATED

102
Q

What is a system of construction employing a vertical structure of pressure-treated wood poles that are firmly embedded in the ground as a pier foundation?

A

POLE CONSTRUCTION

103
Q

What do you call one of several pits or posts for supporting a structure above the surface of land or water?

A

STILT

104
Q

What is a bldg frame employing a heavy, braced framework of solid girls mortised into solid posts the full height of the frame, with studs one story high filling the interstices?

A

BRACED FRAME
FULL FRAME

105
Q

What is a horizontal timber connecting the posts of a braced frame at an intermediate level above the ground floor?

A

GIRT

106
Q

What is a girt parallel to and level with the floor joists?

A

RAISED GIRT
FLUSH GIRT

107
Q

What is a girl set below the floor joists it supports?

A

DROPPED GIRT

108
Q

what is a heavy timber serving as a principal beam or girder?

A

SUMMER / SUMMERTREE

109
Q

What is a summer supporting a wall over an opening?

A

BREASTSUMMER
BREAST BEAM

110
Q

What is a summer supporting a wall over an opening?

A

BREASTSUMMER
BREAST BEAM

111
Q

What is a crossbeam or a bay formed by cross beams?

A

TRAVE

112
Q

What is a principal beam supporting the ends of two sets of floor joists?

A

BINDER / BINDING BEAM

113
Q

what is a lantern or turret on the roof of a medieval bldg having slatted apertures for the escape of smoke and admission of air?

A

LOUVER

114
Q

What is a material for covering a roof, such as straw, rushes, or palm leaves, fastened together so as to shed water and sometimes to provide thermal insulation?

A

THATCH

115
Q

what do you call having a timber framework with the spaces filled with masonry or plaster?

A

HALF-TIMBER

116
Q

What do you call a construction method wherein the framework of timbers is exposed?

A

OPEN-TIMBER

117
Q

what is a room or apartment on the upper floor of a medieval English house?

A

SOLAR
SOLLAR
SOLLER

118
Q

What is an upper story of a bldg projecting beyond the one below?

A

JETTY / JUTTY

119
Q

what is a form of wall construction, consisting of wattles covered and plastered with day or mud?

A

WATTLE AND DAUB
WATTLE AND DAB

120
Q

What is a framework of rods or poles interwoven with thin branches, twigs, and needs, used in the construction of walls and fences?

A

WATTLE

121
Q

what is a major vertical division of a wall, esp. a nogged panel of half-timber construction?

A

PAN

122
Q

What is one of a number of short wooden pieces inserted between the principal members of a half-timbered wall to strengthen the frame and retain the brick in fill?

A

NOG

123
Q

what is a brick masonry used to fill the spaces between the members of a timber frame?

A

NOGGING

VISUAL DICTIONARY (ALE) (17 decks)

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