VISUAL DICTIONARY V Flashcards
What is a phenomenon of light and visual perception that may be described in terms of an individual’s perception of hue, saturation, and lightness for objects, and hue, saturation, and brightness for light sources?
COLOR
What is the distribution of energy emitted by a radiant source, arranged in order of wavelengths, esp. the band of colors produced when sunlight is refracted and dispersed by a prism, comprising red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet?
SPECTRUM
A term designated to a color having high lightness and low saturation?
PALE
A term designated to a color having high lightness and strong saturation
BRILLIANT
A term designated to a color having low lightness and low saturation, and reflecting only a small fraction of incident light
DARK
A term designated to a color having low lightness and strong saturation
DEEP
What do you call the system for specifying colors arranged in three orderly scales of uniform visual steps according to hue, chroma, and value, developed in 1898 by Albert H. Munsell?
Munsell System
Refers to one of the three dimensions of color: the property of light by which the color of an object is classified as being red, yellow, green, o or blue, or an intermediate between any contiguous pair of these colors
HUE
Refers to one of the three dimensions of color: the purity or vividness of a hue
SATURATION/INTENSITY
Refer to the degree by which a color differs from a gray of the same lightness, or brightness, corresponding to saturation of the perceived color
CHROMA
Refers to the perceived color of an object, determined by the wavelengths of the light reflected from its surface after selective absorption of other wavelengths of the incident light
REFLECTED COLOR
Refers to the absorption of certain wavelengths of the light incident on a color surface, the remaining portion being reflected or transmitted
SELECTIVE ABSORPTION
Refers to a color produced by mixing cyan, yellow, and magenta pigments, each of which absorbs certain wavelengths. A balanced mixture of these colorants theoretically yields black since it absorbs all wavelengths of visible light
SUBTRACTIVE COLOR
What is a scale of achromatic colors having several, usually ten, equal gradiations ranging from white to black?
GRAY SCALE
what is the dimension of color by which an object appears to reflect more or less of the incident light, varying from black to white for surface colors and from black to colorless for transparent volume colors?
LIGHTNESS
What is the degree by which a color appears to reflect more or less of the incident light, corresponding to lightness of the perceived color?
VALUE
what is the dimension of color that is correlated with luminance and by which visual stimuli are ordered continuously from very dim to very bright?
BRIGHTNESS
What colors have the maximum brightness?
PURE WHITE and PURE BLACK
what do you call the merging of juxtaposed clots or strokes of pure colors when seen from a distance to produce a hue often more luminous than that available from a premixed pigment?
OPTICAL MIXING
A term designated to a color inclined toward or dominated by red, orange, or yellow
WARM
A term designated to a color inclined toward or dominated by green, blue, or violet
COOL
What do you call a warm color that appears to move toward an observer, giving an illusion of space?
ADVANCING COLOR
What do you call a cool color that appears to move away from an observer, giving an illusion of space?
RECEDING COLOR
What is a circular scale of the colors of the spectrum, showing complementary colors opposite each other?
COLOR WHEEL/COLOR CIRCLE
Refers to any set of colors, such as red, yellow, and blue, regarded as generating all other colors
PRIMARY COLOR
Refers to a color, such as orange, green, or violet, produced by mixing to primary colors
SECONDARY COLOR
Refers to a color, such as brown, produced by mixing two secondary colors, or a secondary color with one of its constituent primaries
TERTIARY COLOR
What is an arrangement or pattern of colors conceived of as forming an integrated whole?
COLOR SCHEME
Refers to one of a pair of opposing colors on a color wheel, perceived as completing or enhancing each other
COMPLEMENTARY COLORS
Refers to one of two or three closely related colors on a color wheel
ANALOGOUS COLOR
Refers to a combination of three colors forming an equilateral triangle on a color wheel
TRIAD
Refers to a combination of one color and the pair of colors adjoining its complementary color on a color wheel
SPLIT COMPLEMENTARY
Refers to a combination of two analogous colors and their complementary colors on a color wheel
DOUBLE COMPLEMENTARY
Refers to having only one color or exhibiting varying intensities and values of a single hue
MONOCHROMATIC
Refers to having or exhibiting a variety of colors
POLYCHROMATIC
what is a relatively light value of a color, produced by adding white to it?
TINT
Refers to the triangular diagram developed by Faber Birren to describe the relationship between a pure hue, white, and black, which combine to yield secondary tints, tones, shades, and grays. All colors may be subjectively conceived as a mixture of the psychological primaries–red, yellow, green, and blue–plus the achromatic pain of white and black
COLOR TRIANGLE
What is a relatively dark value of color, produced by adding black to it?
SHADE
What is an intermediate value of a color between a tint and a shade?
TONE
What is an achromatic color between white and black?
GRAY
Refers to having no saturation and therefore no hue such as white, black, or gray
ACHROMATIC
What is a rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support compressive loads applied at the member ends?
COLUMN
What is all upright, relatively slender shaft or structure, usually of brick or stone, used as a bldg support or standing alone as a monument?
PILLAR
What is a stiff vertical support, esp. a wooden column in timber framing?
POST
What do you call the critical point at which a column, carrying its critical buckling load, may either buckle or remain undeflected, the column is therefore in a state of neutral equilibrium?
BIFURCATION
What is the critical buckling load for a column divided by the area of its cross section?
CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS
What is the sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the action of a compressive load, which can occur well before the yield stress of the material is reached?
BUCKLING
what is the axial load at which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes unstable?
BUCKLING LOAD
What is the maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without causing it to buckle, which is inversely proportional to the square of its effective length, and directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity of the material and to the moment of inertia of the cross section?
CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD
What column is subject to failure by crushing rather than buckling?
SHORT COLUMN
what column is to object to failure by buckling rather than crushing?
LONG COLUMN
what column has a mode of failure between that of a short column and a long column often partly inelastic by crushing and partly by blastic by buckling?
INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
Refers to the ratio of the effective length of a column to its least radius of gyration
SLENDERNESS RATIO
Refers to the radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis
RADIUS OF GARATION
Refers to the amount by which an axis deviates from another parallel axis
ECCENTRICITY
Refers to an additional moment developed in a structural member as it longitudinal axis deviates from the line of action of a compressive force, equal to the product of the load and the member deflection at any point
P-DELTA EFFECT
Refers to the proposition that a compressive load should be located within the middle third of a horizontal section of a column or wall to prevent tensile stresses from developing in the section
MIDDLE-THIRD RULE
Refers to a set of tensive and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and bending stresses at a cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction and equal to at any point to their algebraic sum
COMBINED STRESSES
Refers to the distance between inflection points in a column subject to buckling. This determines its critical buckling load. When this portion buckles, the entire column fails
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
Refers to the coefficient for modifying the actual length of a column according to its end conditions in order to determine its effective length
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR
Refers to the central area of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the resultant of all compressive loads must pass if only compressive stresses are to be present in the section. A compressive load applied beyond this area will cause tensile stresses to develop in the section
KERN
Refers to a point on either side of the centroidal axis of a horizontal column or wall section defining the limits of the kern area
KERN POINT
Refers to the bracing of a column or other compression member to reduce its effective length. It is most effective when the pattern occurs in more than one plane
LATERAL BRACING
Refers to the distance between the points at which a structural member is braced against buckling in a direction normal to its length
UNBRACED LENGTH
What is the field of computer science that studies methods and techniques for creating, representing, and manipulating image data by computer technology, the digital images so produced
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
what is a digital image that consists of a grid of closely spaced pixels, and are resolution-dependent?
RASTER IMAGE/BITMAP IMAGE
what is a data structure representing a generally square dr rectangular grid of pixels?
BITMAP
What is a contraction of picture + element: the smallest addressable area of illumination on a display screen?
PIXEL
what is a contraction of binary + digit: a variable or computed quantity that can have only two possible values, such as the binary digits, 0 and 1, or logical values, such as true/false, yes/no, or on/off?
BIT
What is the number of bits available for representing the color of a single pixel in a raster or bitmapped image; the more bits per pixel, the more colors can be displayed?
BIT DEPTH/COLOR DEPTH
What is a digital image created and defined by mathematically based software routines for such geometric primitives as points, straight lines, curves, and shapes, and from which more complex graphic elements can be created?
VECTOR IMAGE
Refers to any of a class of mathematically derived curves developed by French engineer Pierre Bézier for CAD/CAM operations
BÉZIER CURVE
What is a color model in which white is the additive combination of the three primary colored lights–red, green, and blue –and black is the absence of light?
RGB COLOR MODEL
What is a method for representing and storing graphical image information using a 24-bit color depth to allow more than 16 million colors to be displayed in a digital image?
TRUE COLOR
Refers to the degree of detail visible in a printed image or an image displayed on a computer monitor, it depends not only on how it was created but also on its physical size and the distance from which we view it
RESOLUTION
Refers to the resolution at which the charge-coupled device (CCD) or other sensor of a scanner samples an original, usually expressed in samples per inch (SPI). Manufacturers often use dots per inch (DPI) in lieu of SPI in specifying the resolution capability of their scanners, but technically there are no clots in the scanned image until it is printed
SCANNER RESOLUTION
Refers to the resolution at which a computer monitor displays an image, which may be specified by the number of pixels per inch (PPI) that can be displayed in each direction, or by the number of columns and rows of PPI creating the display
DISPLAY RESOLUTION
Refers to the resolution at which the electronic sensor of a digital camera captures an image, expressed in megapixels or how many millions of pixels it can record in a single image
CAMERA RESOLUTION
Refers to the resolution at which an imagesetter, laser printer, or other printing device can produce text and graphics, usually measured in dots of ink or toner per inch (DPI)
PRINT RESOLUTION
What is the acronym for the four colored inks used in the printing process – cyan, magenta, yellow, and black?
CMYK
What is a color model in which the four colored inks used in color printing – cyan, magenta, yellow, and black–subtract brightness from the typically white background of the paper, with black resulting from the full combination of colored inks?
CMYK COLOR MODEL
Refers to the use of computer technology in the design of real or virtual objects and environments. The term includes a variety of software and hardware technologies, from the vector-based drawing and drafting of lines and figures in two-dimensional space to the modelling and animation of surfaces and solids in the three-dimensional space
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
Refers to the use of computer technology and mathematical algorithms to create abstract models of systems and processes to simulate their behavior
COMPUTER MODELLING
Refers to computer modelling that represents the form of a three-dimensional object or building by specifying the vertices and edges of all mathematically continuous surfaces, including opposite sides and all internal components normally hidden from view
WIREFRAME MODELLING
Refers to computer modelling that represents the geometric structure of a three-dimensional object or building by defining its surfaces rather than its interior volume, usually with polygons consisting of vertices, edges, and faces, creating a polygon mesh that can be edited by subdividing, trimming, intersecting, stretching, or projecting
SURFACE MODELLING
Refers to computer modelling that represents both the geometric structure and the interior volume of a three-dimensional object or building
SOLID MODELLING
Refers to computer modelling that uses rules and constraints to a fine and represent the attributes and behaviors of a three-dimensional object or building to maintain consistent relationships and interactions among its elements and components
PARAMETRIC MODELING
Also,
FEATURE-BASED MODELING
A term coined by Greg Lynn to describe experiments with indeterminate forms in digital design. Now, an often derogating term for any bldg having irregularly curved and rounded shapes and forms
BLOBITECTURE
Refers to any number of operations based on Boolean logic and used in computer modeling to form more complex objects from a set of primitives, such as the cube, cylinder, sphere, pyramid or come
BOOLEAN OPERATIONS
What is an additive process that combines two or more individual and separate solids into a single new solid that consists of both the common and uncommon volumes of the selected solids?
BOOLEAN UNION
What is a subtractive process that removes or carves out the common volume from either one of the other of the selected solids?
BOOLEAN DIFFERENCE
What is a process that creates a new solid based on the common volume shared by two or more selected solids?
BOOLEAN INTERSECTION
Refers to a digital technology for creating, managing, coordinating, and optimizing building data, using a database of project info and three-dimensional, dynamic modeling software to facilitate the exchange and interoperability of building info, including bldg geometry, spatial relationships, lighting analysis, geographic info, and quantities and properties of bldg materials and components
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
Refers to BIM modeling that integrates three-dimensional CAD drawings with the fourth dimension of time to visualize the construction sequence and identify scheduling constraints, conflicts, and opportunities for optimization
4D MODELING
Refers to BIM modeling that integrates three-dimensional CAD drawings with the dimensions of time and cost data to visually link design and scheduling with pricing and budgeting for equipment, labor, and materials
5D MODELING
Refers to the computer modeling of a natural, human, or engineering system to predict and evaluate its behavior and performance, esp. when too complex for conventional analytic solutions
COMPUTER SIMULATION
Refers to any of a range of digital techniques for modeling and simulating the lighting of three-dimensional forms and spaces
DIGITAL LIGHTING
What is a digital technique for analyzing the three-dimensional geometry of forms and determining the illumination and shading of surfaces based on their orientation to an assumed light source; however it does not take into account the way light travels after intersecting a surface and therefore cannot accurately render reflections, refractions, or the natural fall off of shadows?
RAY CASTING
What is the basic level of ray tracing that is limited to direct illumination and ambient light rays, does not take into account the diffuse inter-reflection of light among the surfaces in a three-dimensional space or scene?
LOCAL ILLUMINATION
what is a computationally intensive digital technique that uses sophisticated algorithms to more accurately simulate the illumination of a space or scene by taking into account not only the light rays that are emitted directly from one or more sources but also tracking the light rays as they are reflected or refracted from one surface to another, esp. the diffuse inter-reflections that occur among the surfaces in a space or scene?
GLOBAL ILLUMINATION
Refers to a global illumination technique for simulating the optical effects of illumination, executed by tracing the path a ray light travels from its source to a surface that interrupts its progress, where it may be absorbed, reflected, or refracted in one or more directions, depending on the material, color, and texture of the surface
RAY TRACING
What is a global illumination algorithm for rendering all the luminous energy emitted and reflected from the diffuse surfaces in a scene, based on a detailed analysis of the rate of transfer of radiant energy between the surfaces?
RADIOSITY
What is a computer-driven rapid prototyping process using a printer to build a physical model directly from 3D CAD data?
3D PRINTING
What is the use of computer technology to control the operations of a manufacturing plant, esp. the control of machine tools?
COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING (CAM)
What is any of various techniques for fabricating physical objects using the data from a CAD drawing or virtual 30 model and additive manufacturing technology to lay down successive layers of liquid, powder, or sheet material, which are glued or fused together to create the final physical model?
RAPID PROTOTYPING
What is an additive manufacturing technology for producing physical objects or models, using a vat of liquid UV-curable photopolymer resin and a UV laser to fabricate the designed object a single thin layer at a time?
STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
What is the use of 3D modeling software and a CNC router, a laser cutter, or a Z plotter to fabricate a physical object or component?
DIGITAL FABRICATION
What is a machine or tool or other powered mechanical device driven and controlled by a computer program to fabricate components, esp. by the milling of plywood and other sheet materials?
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC) ROUTER
What is a machine that uses a computer-controlled laser to cut, bore, or engrave such sheet materials as paperboard, basswood, and plexiglass?
LASER CUTTER
What is a computer-controlled machine that uses additive manufacturing technology to fabricate a plot of three-dimensional data?
Z PLOTTER
