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ALE!!! > VISUAL DICTIONARY V > Flashcards

VISUAL DICTIONARY V Flashcards

1
Q

What is a phenomenon of light and visual perception that may be described in terms of an individual’s perception of hue, saturation, and lightness for objects, and hue, saturation, and brightness for light sources?

A

COLOR

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2
Q

What is the distribution of energy emitted by a radiant source, arranged in order of wavelengths, esp. the band of colors produced when sunlight is refracted and dispersed by a prism, comprising red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet?

A

SPECTRUM

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3
Q

A term designated to a color having high lightness and low saturation?

A

PALE

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4
Q

A term designated to a color having high lightness and strong saturation

A

BRILLIANT

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5
Q

A term designated to a color having low lightness and low saturation, and reflecting only a small fraction of incident light

A

DARK

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6
Q

A term designated to a color having low lightness and strong saturation

A

DEEP

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7
Q

What do you call the system for specifying colors arranged in three orderly scales of uniform visual steps according to hue, chroma, and value, developed in 1898 by Albert H. Munsell?

A

Munsell System

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8
Q

Refers to one of the three dimensions of color: the property of light by which the color of an object is classified as being red, yellow, green, o or blue, or an intermediate between any contiguous pair of these colors

A

HUE

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9
Q

Refers to one of the three dimensions of color: the purity or vividness of a hue

A

SATURATION/INTENSITY

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10
Q

Refer to the degree by which a color differs from a gray of the same lightness, or brightness, corresponding to saturation of the perceived color

A

CHROMA

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11
Q

Refers to the perceived color of an object, determined by the wavelengths of the light reflected from its surface after selective absorption of other wavelengths of the incident light

A

REFLECTED COLOR

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12
Q

Refers to the absorption of certain wavelengths of the light incident on a color surface, the remaining portion being reflected or transmitted

A

SELECTIVE ABSORPTION

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13
Q

Refers to a color produced by mixing cyan, yellow, and magenta pigments, each of which absorbs certain wavelengths. A balanced mixture of these colorants theoretically yields black since it absorbs all wavelengths of visible light

A

SUBTRACTIVE COLOR

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14
Q

What is a scale of achromatic colors having several, usually ten, equal gradiations ranging from white to black?

A

GRAY SCALE

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15
Q

what is the dimension of color by which an object appears to reflect more or less of the incident light, varying from black to white for surface colors and from black to colorless for transparent volume colors?

A

LIGHTNESS

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16
Q

What is the degree by which a color appears to reflect more or less of the incident light, corresponding to lightness of the perceived color?

A

VALUE

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17
Q

what is the dimension of color that is correlated with luminance and by which visual stimuli are ordered continuously from very dim to very bright?

A

BRIGHTNESS

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18
Q

What colors have the maximum brightness?

A

PURE WHITE and PURE BLACK

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19
Q

what do you call the merging of juxtaposed clots or strokes of pure colors when seen from a distance to produce a hue often more luminous than that available from a premixed pigment?

A

OPTICAL MIXING

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20
Q

A term designated to a color inclined toward or dominated by red, orange, or yellow

A

WARM

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21
Q

A term designated to a color inclined toward or dominated by green, blue, or violet

A

COOL

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22
Q

What do you call a warm color that appears to move toward an observer, giving an illusion of space?

A

ADVANCING COLOR

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23
Q

What do you call a cool color that appears to move away from an observer, giving an illusion of space?

A

RECEDING COLOR

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24
Q

What is a circular scale of the colors of the spectrum, showing complementary colors opposite each other?

A

COLOR WHEEL/COLOR CIRCLE

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25
Q

Refers to any set of colors, such as red, yellow, and blue, regarded as generating all other colors

A

PRIMARY COLOR

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26
Q

Refers to a color, such as orange, green, or violet, produced by mixing to primary colors

A

SECONDARY COLOR

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27
Q

Refers to a color, such as brown, produced by mixing two secondary colors, or a secondary color with one of its constituent primaries

A

TERTIARY COLOR

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28
Q

What is an arrangement or pattern of colors conceived of as forming an integrated whole?

A

COLOR SCHEME

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29
Q

Refers to one of a pair of opposing colors on a color wheel, perceived as completing or enhancing each other

A

COMPLEMENTARY COLORS

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30
Q

Refers to one of two or three closely related colors on a color wheel

A

ANALOGOUS COLOR

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31
Q

Refers to a combination of three colors forming an equilateral triangle on a color wheel

A

TRIAD

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32
Q

Refers to a combination of one color and the pair of colors adjoining its complementary color on a color wheel

A

SPLIT COMPLEMENTARY

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33
Q

Refers to a combination of two analogous colors and their complementary colors on a color wheel

A

DOUBLE COMPLEMENTARY

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34
Q

Refers to having only one color or exhibiting varying intensities and values of a single hue

A

MONOCHROMATIC

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35
Q

Refers to having or exhibiting a variety of colors

A

POLYCHROMATIC

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36
Q

what is a relatively light value of a color, produced by adding white to it?

A

TINT

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37
Q

Refers to the triangular diagram developed by Faber Birren to describe the relationship between a pure hue, white, and black, which combine to yield secondary tints, tones, shades, and grays. All colors may be subjectively conceived as a mixture of the psychological primaries–red, yellow, green, and blue–plus the achromatic pain of white and black

A

COLOR TRIANGLE

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38
Q

What is a relatively dark value of color, produced by adding black to it?

A

SHADE

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39
Q

What is an intermediate value of a color between a tint and a shade?

A

TONE

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40
Q

What is an achromatic color between white and black?

A

GRAY

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41
Q

Refers to having no saturation and therefore no hue such as white, black, or gray

A

ACHROMATIC

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42
Q

What is a rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support compressive loads applied at the member ends?

A

COLUMN

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43
Q

What is all upright, relatively slender shaft or structure, usually of brick or stone, used as a bldg support or standing alone as a monument?

A

PILLAR

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44
Q

What is a stiff vertical support, esp. a wooden column in timber framing?

A

POST

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45
Q

What do you call the critical point at which a column, carrying its critical buckling load, may either buckle or remain undeflected, the column is therefore in a state of neutral equilibrium?

A

BIFURCATION

46
Q

What is the critical buckling load for a column divided by the area of its cross section?

A

CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS

47
Q

What is the sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the action of a compressive load, which can occur well before the yield stress of the material is reached?

A

BUCKLING

48
Q

what is the axial load at which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes unstable?

A

BUCKLING LOAD

49
Q

What is the maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without causing it to buckle, which is inversely proportional to the square of its effective length, and directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity of the material and to the moment of inertia of the cross section?

A

CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD

50
Q

What column is subject to failure by crushing rather than buckling?

A

SHORT COLUMN

51
Q

what column is to object to failure by buckling rather than crushing?

A

LONG COLUMN

52
Q

what column has a mode of failure between that of a short column and a long column often partly inelastic by crushing and partly by blastic by buckling?

A

INTERMEDIATE COLUMN

53
Q

Refers to the ratio of the effective length of a column to its least radius of gyration

A

SLENDERNESS RATIO

54
Q

Refers to the radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis

A

RADIUS OF GARATION

55
Q

Refers to the amount by which an axis deviates from another parallel axis

A

ECCENTRICITY

56
Q

Refers to an additional moment developed in a structural member as it longitudinal axis deviates from the line of action of a compressive force, equal to the product of the load and the member deflection at any point

A

P-DELTA EFFECT

57
Q

Refers to the proposition that a compressive load should be located within the middle third of a horizontal section of a column or wall to prevent tensile stresses from developing in the section

A

MIDDLE-THIRD RULE

58
Q

Refers to a set of tensive and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and bending stresses at a cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction and equal to at any point to their algebraic sum

A

COMBINED STRESSES

59
Q

Refers to the distance between inflection points in a column subject to buckling. This determines its critical buckling load. When this portion buckles, the entire column fails

A

EFFECTIVE LENGTH

60
Q

Refers to the coefficient for modifying the actual length of a column according to its end conditions in order to determine its effective length

A

EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR

61
Q

Refers to the central area of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the resultant of all compressive loads must pass if only compressive stresses are to be present in the section. A compressive load applied beyond this area will cause tensile stresses to develop in the section

A

KERN

62
Q

Refers to a point on either side of the centroidal axis of a horizontal column or wall section defining the limits of the kern area

A

KERN POINT

63
Q

Refers to the bracing of a column or other compression member to reduce its effective length. It is most effective when the pattern occurs in more than one plane

A

LATERAL BRACING

64
Q

Refers to the distance between the points at which a structural member is braced against buckling in a direction normal to its length

A

UNBRACED LENGTH

65
Q

What is the field of computer science that studies methods and techniques for creating, representing, and manipulating image data by computer technology, the digital images so produced

A

COMPUTER GRAPHICS

66
Q

what is a digital image that consists of a grid of closely spaced pixels, and are resolution-dependent?

A

RASTER IMAGE/BITMAP IMAGE

67
Q

what is a data structure representing a generally square dr rectangular grid of pixels?

A

BITMAP

68
Q

What is a contraction of picture + element: the smallest addressable area of illumination on a display screen?

A

PIXEL

69
Q

what is a contraction of binary + digit: a variable or computed quantity that can have only two possible values, such as the binary digits, 0 and 1, or logical values, such as true/false, yes/no, or on/off?

A

BIT

70
Q

What is the number of bits available for representing the color of a single pixel in a raster or bitmapped image; the more bits per pixel, the more colors can be displayed?

A

BIT DEPTH/COLOR DEPTH

71
Q

What is a digital image created and defined by mathematically based software routines for such geometric primitives as points, straight lines, curves, and shapes, and from which more complex graphic elements can be created?

A

VECTOR IMAGE

72
Q

Refers to any of a class of mathematically derived curves developed by French engineer Pierre Bézier for CAD/CAM operations

A

BÉZIER CURVE

73
Q

What is a color model in which white is the additive combination of the three primary colored lights–red, green, and blue –and black is the absence of light?

A

RGB COLOR MODEL

74
Q

What is a method for representing and storing graphical image information using a 24-bit color depth to allow more than 16 million colors to be displayed in a digital image?

A

TRUE COLOR

75
Q

Refers to the degree of detail visible in a printed image or an image displayed on a computer monitor, it depends not only on how it was created but also on its physical size and the distance from which we view it

A

RESOLUTION

76
Q

Refers to the resolution at which the charge-coupled device (CCD) or other sensor of a scanner samples an original, usually expressed in samples per inch (SPI). Manufacturers often use dots per inch (DPI) in lieu of SPI in specifying the resolution capability of their scanners, but technically there are no clots in the scanned image until it is printed

A

SCANNER RESOLUTION

77
Q

Refers to the resolution at which a computer monitor displays an image, which may be specified by the number of pixels per inch (PPI) that can be displayed in each direction, or by the number of columns and rows of PPI creating the display

A

DISPLAY RESOLUTION

78
Q

Refers to the resolution at which the electronic sensor of a digital camera captures an image, expressed in megapixels or how many millions of pixels it can record in a single image

A

CAMERA RESOLUTION

79
Q

Refers to the resolution at which an imagesetter, laser printer, or other printing device can produce text and graphics, usually measured in dots of ink or toner per inch (DPI)

A

PRINT RESOLUTION

80
Q

What is the acronym for the four colored inks used in the printing process – cyan, magenta, yellow, and black?

A

CMYK

81
Q

What is a color model in which the four colored inks used in color printing – cyan, magenta, yellow, and black–subtract brightness from the typically white background of the paper, with black resulting from the full combination of colored inks?

A

CMYK COLOR MODEL

82
Q

Refers to the use of computer technology in the design of real or virtual objects and environments. The term includes a variety of software and hardware technologies, from the vector-based drawing and drafting of lines and figures in two-dimensional space to the modelling and animation of surfaces and solids in the three-dimensional space

A

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

83
Q

Refers to the use of computer technology and mathematical algorithms to create abstract models of systems and processes to simulate their behavior

A

COMPUTER MODELLING

84
Q

Refers to computer modelling that represents the form of a three-dimensional object or building by specifying the vertices and edges of all mathematically continuous surfaces, including opposite sides and all internal components normally hidden from view

A

WIREFRAME MODELLING

85
Q

Refers to computer modelling that represents the geometric structure of a three-dimensional object or building by defining its surfaces rather than its interior volume, usually with polygons consisting of vertices, edges, and faces, creating a polygon mesh that can be edited by subdividing, trimming, intersecting, stretching, or projecting

A

SURFACE MODELLING

86
Q

Refers to computer modelling that represents both the geometric structure and the interior volume of a three-dimensional object or building

A

SOLID MODELLING

87
Q

Refers to computer modelling that uses rules and constraints to a fine and represent the attributes and behaviors of a three-dimensional object or building to maintain consistent relationships and interactions among its elements and components

A

PARAMETRIC MODELING
Also,
FEATURE-BASED MODELING

88
Q

A term coined by Greg Lynn to describe experiments with indeterminate forms in digital design. Now, an often derogating term for any bldg having irregularly curved and rounded shapes and forms

A

BLOBITECTURE

89
Q

Refers to any number of operations based on Boolean logic and used in computer modeling to form more complex objects from a set of primitives, such as the cube, cylinder, sphere, pyramid or come

A

BOOLEAN OPERATIONS

90
Q

What is an additive process that combines two or more individual and separate solids into a single new solid that consists of both the common and uncommon volumes of the selected solids?

A

BOOLEAN UNION

91
Q

What is a subtractive process that removes or carves out the common volume from either one of the other of the selected solids?

A

BOOLEAN DIFFERENCE

92
Q

What is a process that creates a new solid based on the common volume shared by two or more selected solids?

A

BOOLEAN INTERSECTION

93
Q

Refers to a digital technology for creating, managing, coordinating, and optimizing building data, using a database of project info and three-dimensional, dynamic modeling software to facilitate the exchange and interoperability of building info, including bldg geometry, spatial relationships, lighting analysis, geographic info, and quantities and properties of bldg materials and components

A

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING

94
Q

Refers to BIM modeling that integrates three-dimensional CAD drawings with the fourth dimension of time to visualize the construction sequence and identify scheduling constraints, conflicts, and opportunities for optimization

A

4D MODELING

95
Q

Refers to BIM modeling that integrates three-dimensional CAD drawings with the dimensions of time and cost data to visually link design and scheduling with pricing and budgeting for equipment, labor, and materials

A

5D MODELING

96
Q

Refers to the computer modeling of a natural, human, or engineering system to predict and evaluate its behavior and performance, esp. when too complex for conventional analytic solutions

A

COMPUTER SIMULATION

97
Q

Refers to any of a range of digital techniques for modeling and simulating the lighting of three-dimensional forms and spaces

A

DIGITAL LIGHTING

98
Q

What is a digital technique for analyzing the three-dimensional geometry of forms and determining the illumination and shading of surfaces based on their orientation to an assumed light source; however it does not take into account the way light travels after intersecting a surface and therefore cannot accurately render reflections, refractions, or the natural fall off of shadows?

A

RAY CASTING

99
Q

What is the basic level of ray tracing that is limited to direct illumination and ambient light rays, does not take into account the diffuse inter-reflection of light among the surfaces in a three-dimensional space or scene?

A

LOCAL ILLUMINATION

100
Q

what is a computationally intensive digital technique that uses sophisticated algorithms to more accurately simulate the illumination of a space or scene by taking into account not only the light rays that are emitted directly from one or more sources but also tracking the light rays as they are reflected or refracted from one surface to another, esp. the diffuse inter-reflections that occur among the surfaces in a space or scene?

A

GLOBAL ILLUMINATION

101
Q

Refers to a global illumination technique for simulating the optical effects of illumination, executed by tracing the path a ray light travels from its source to a surface that interrupts its progress, where it may be absorbed, reflected, or refracted in one or more directions, depending on the material, color, and texture of the surface

A

RAY TRACING

102
Q

What is a global illumination algorithm for rendering all the luminous energy emitted and reflected from the diffuse surfaces in a scene, based on a detailed analysis of the rate of transfer of radiant energy between the surfaces?

A

RADIOSITY

103
Q

What is a computer-driven rapid prototyping process using a printer to build a physical model directly from 3D CAD data?

A

3D PRINTING

104
Q

What is the use of computer technology to control the operations of a manufacturing plant, esp. the control of machine tools?

A

COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING (CAM)

105
Q

What is any of various techniques for fabricating physical objects using the data from a CAD drawing or virtual 30 model and additive manufacturing technology to lay down successive layers of liquid, powder, or sheet material, which are glued or fused together to create the final physical model?

A

RAPID PROTOTYPING

106
Q

What is an additive manufacturing technology for producing physical objects or models, using a vat of liquid UV-curable photopolymer resin and a UV laser to fabricate the designed object a single thin layer at a time?

A

STEREOLITHOGRAPHY

107
Q

What is the use of 3D modeling software and a CNC router, a laser cutter, or a Z plotter to fabricate a physical object or component?

A

DIGITAL FABRICATION

108
Q

What is a machine or tool or other powered mechanical device driven and controlled by a computer program to fabricate components, esp. by the milling of plywood and other sheet materials?

A

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC) ROUTER

109
Q

What is a machine that uses a computer-controlled laser to cut, bore, or engrave such sheet materials as paperboard, basswood, and plexiglass?

A

LASER CUTTER

110
Q

What is a computer-controlled machine that uses additive manufacturing technology to fabricate a plot of three-dimensional data?

A

Z PLOTTER

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