Visual and Sensory Flashcards
cataracts
clouding of the lens
- gradual
- painless
- can lead to blindness
risk factors of cataracts
- older age
- eye trauma
- congenital risk
- diabetes
- corticosteroid use
- smoking and alc consumption
cataract manifestations
- painless
- uni or bi lateral changes
- blurry
- halo around lights
- altered colored perception
- glare at night
- dec accommodation
how do cataracts affect vision
- cloudiness scatters the light and prevents the ability to have a crisp focus
retinopathy
damage to the bv of the retina
types of retinopathy
- diabetic
- HTNsive
types of diabetic retinopathy
- nonproliferative
- proliferative
non proliferative retinopathy
capillary micro aneurysms retinal swelling and hard exudate causes macular edema which leads to capillary rupture and eventually dot or blot hemorrhaging
macular edema
plasma leaking from macular bv
proliferative retinopathy
advanced retinopathy caused by new bv that are fragile and leaky
HTNsive retinopathy
high bp creates blockage in retinal bv
- initially no vision change
- sustained HTN can cause sudden visual loss related to swelling of optic disc and nerve
treatment of HTNsive retinopathy
treat the HTN
detached retina
retina has tear or leak that allows vitreous humor to flow behind the retina causing
- rapid and progressive detachment from the colloid
- usually spontaneous
risk factors/causes of detached retina
- myopia
- over 40
- trauma to head
- eye tumor
- complication or hx of cataract surgery
clinical manifestations of detached retina
- sudden, unilateral vision loss
- painless
- may see floaters
- flashed of light
macular degeneration
retinal aging causing blurring of central vision
- most common irreversible vision loss in people over 60
types of macular degeneration
- dry (no exudate), common
- wet (exudate), less common
dry macular degeneration
yellow deposits in retinal pigment epithelium
wet macular degeneration
growth of new leaky bv in an abnormal location of retina
manifestations of macular degeneration
- early: no symptoms
- later: blurred, darkened vision, blind spots, distorted vision
scotomas
blind spots
metamorphopsia
distorted vision
treatment of macular degeneration
limited, some have meds injected into the eye
glaucoma
chronic condition that causes elevated intraocular pressure plus vision changes or optic nerve damage
- usually bilateral
types of glaucoma
closed angle
open angle
open angle glaucoma
abnormal trabecular meshwork that reduces the draining of aqueous humor into canal of schlemm causing an imbalance be inflow and outflow
- results in inc intraocular pressure and vision problems
risk factors for open angle glaucoma
- elevated IOC
- older age
- african american
- fam hx
- myopia
- DM, HTN, migraines
myopia
near sightedness
open angle glaucoma manifestations
- usually none
- progressive loss of sight
- vague eye pain
- halos around lights
- tunnel vision
closed angle glaucoma
abnormal angle btw iris and later cornea that blocks outflow when the pupil is dilated
- less common
- aka acute angle closure, narrow angel glaucoma
risk factors of closed angle glaucoma
- asian american
- females
- hyperopia
- fam hx
- old age
hyperopia
far sighted ness
closed angle glaucoma is an ________
emergency, outcome based on time from onset to treatment
what triggers an acute episode of acute angle glaucoma
anticholinergic drugs
clinical manifestations of acute closed angle glaucoma
- unilateral
- severe eye pain
- N/V
- blurry vision
- halos
- reddened eyes
- dilated pupils not reactive to light
- cloudy cornea
glaucoma and blindness
- due to inc IOP
- more pressure on inner eye structures which can dec the blood flow to the optic nerve
- nerve fiber death will cause blindness
want glaucoma drugs to
- dec aqueous humor production
- inc aqueous humor drainage
more for open angle
treatment for closed angel glaucoma (acute angle crisis)
- surgical intervention
treatment of glaucomas
eye drops
application of glaucoma eye drops
hold pressure of the nasolacrimal gland to prevent systemic effects
- makes it stay in the eye system
meniere disease
episodic disorder of the middle ear where excessive endolymph and pressure in the membranes disrupt vestibular balance and hearing function
- changes in fluid level causes distention
clinical manifestations of meniere disease
- recurring episodes of vertigo (w N/V)
- hearing loss
- ringing of the ears
- feelings of fullness
tinnitus
ringing of the ears
treatment of meniere disease
- diet changes
- stress
- allergies
- usually Na restriction
- drugs that help with dizziness
treat symptoms
