Intro: pharmacology and pathophysiology Flashcards
pharmacology
study of biological effects of drugs on the body that are introduced to promote change
pharmacokinetics
what happens to the drugs in the body
pharmacodynamics
what the drugs do in the body
- mechanisms of action
- effects on the body
chemical name
long and complex, often used in research
trade name
brand name that is easier to remember
- many names
- always upper case
generic name
official name of the drug
- only 1 name for this
- always lower case
prototype
typically the first drug that represents a group or classification of medication
- new drugs compared to prototype (side effects and effectiveness)
- ex: tylenol is the proto for acetaminophen
therapeutic effect
the intended effects of the drugs
- ex: fever reduction
side effects
unavoidable but unintended effects
toxicities
harmful effects
- often related to the amount of drug in the system
adverse effects
unexpected reactions that are unintended
- very similar to side effects
allergic rxn
unexpected response by the immune system
know for each medication
name: trade and generic
classification: group of meds that work similarly
MOA: how it works in the body
indication: why are we giving this drug
common/serious adverse effects
contraindications: why shouldn’t we give drug
nursing indications: what do worry about before passing this med
what is the FDA
food and drug administration, approve drugs
preclinical trials
tested on lab animals
phase I studies
testing on healthy human volunteers
phase II studies
testing on pt who have the disease
phase III studies
testing with a vast clinical market, prescribers inform of vast effects
phase IV studies
continued evaluation by the FDA
- essentially available to everyone
what is a controlled substance
a drug or substance that is regulated because its risk of abuse
schedule I
not approved for medical use, no reason to prescribe
schedule 2
used medically, but high potential for abuse like narcotics (opioids)
- no refills allowed
- ex: oxy
schedule 3
less potential for abuse, non barbiturates sedatives
- lortab
schedule 4
some potential for abuse, primary sedatives
- anti-anxiety meds like xanax
schedule 5
low potential for abuse, medications containing small amount of narcotics
- cough suppressants with codeine
over the counter (OTC)
consumers must be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness easily
prescription strength OTC
same drug available OTC, but higher dose
dietart and herbal supplements
claims on body structure and function, BUT no claims to medical function/condition
- FDA does not regulate production, but post market
- label restrictions
- lack a scientific explanation of how they work
why is it important for nurses to know what herbal supplements a pt takes
some herbals can increase toxicity of prescribed meds OR decrease therapeutic effects
teratogens
substances that cause congenital malformations in developing fetuses like alcohol
types of teratogens
- category A: safe for fetus
- category B: lack of studies to show benefit/risk
- category C: no human studies, animals studies indicate possible risk, talk with OB
- category D: drugs have possible risk on fetus, talk with OB
- category X: drugs have known risk, benefits of drugs do not outweigh risks to fetus
pharamogenomics
study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs
- combines pharmacology with genomics to develop safe, effective meds and doses tailored to a person’s genetic makeup
pathophysiology
study of disease/injury and changes of physiology in the body
- pathology: laboratory study of cells and tissue
- patho: abnormal processes that are causing the body to be disrupted
disease
disruption in homeostasis (physical, mental, social)
homeostasis
no disease, maintaining equilibrium, steady state of internal chemical and physical conditions
- homeo: same
- statsis: balance
- body functions best when in normal ranges
causes of disease
intrinsic and extrinsic factors
- intrinsic: something wrong inside the body that can lead to disease (autoimmune)
— genes, immunity, age, gender
- extrinsic: factors outside the body that can lead to disease (bacteria)
— microorganisms, injury, behaviors (smoking), stressors
process of disease
identification: signs and symptoms
occurrence: how often, when
diagnosis: identification
etiology: cause
prognosis: likelihood of recovery
stages of disease
exposure: where did they get it
onset: sudden, insidious, latent, prodromal, manifestations (signs, symptoms)
remission: disease no longer active
convalescence: are they back to baseline
types of diseases
-idiopathic: unknown cause, can’t identify
-iatrogenic: caused by the medical field
-exacerbation: worsening/decline of disease
hypo__
under, below
hyper__
above, over
__penia
lack of, deficiency
__cytosis
refers to cells, increase
__osis
- process or condition
- production or increase
- invasion or infection
__itis
inflammation
__pathy
disease or suffering
what are symptoms used for?
to identify disease
what do we ask about a cough?
-productive
-color
-blood
-think/thin
-when
-acute/chronic
-allergies
-medications
-heart and lung problems?
other common symptoms
-pain
-headache
-swelling/edema
-fever
-fatigue
- weight loss
