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NUE 325: Pathopharm I > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Infection

A

Colonization of a host by a microbial species
- can be localized
- systemic: spread to several regions/areas of body

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2
Q

causes of infection

A

common: virus, bacteria
rare: fungi, protozoa, helminths, prions

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3
Q

modes of transmission

A

direct: kissing, sex, touching soils, droplet
indirect: airborne
vehicle: transmission through food, water, blood
vector: something else carries disease (mosquito)

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4
Q

reservior

A

habitat where microorg usually lives and grows

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5
Q

portal of entry

A
  • oro/naso pharynx
  • genitourinary tract
  • skin (places w decrease integrity) and mucous membranes, largest vulnerability but also biggest barrier
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6
Q

translocation

A

movement of bacteria across intestinal lining
- frequently occurs in peritoneal cavity (leaky gut)
- bloodstream (infection can move from finger to leg)

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7
Q

blood as portal of entry

A

organism gets directly into blood
- needle sticks
- blood transfusion contamination

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8
Q

maternal-fetal transmission

A

some microorgs can cross barriers
- placental barrier directly to fetus
- occur during childbirth (vaginal canal)

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9
Q

stages of infection

A

incubation period
prodromal stage
acute stage
convalescent stage
resolution stage

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10
Q

incubation period

A

time org is in body before symptoms appear

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11
Q

prodromal stage

A

onset of unspecific symptoms

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12
Q

acute stage

A

onset of specific symptoms

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13
Q

convalescent stage

A

decrease in illness and begin to feel better

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14
Q

resolution stage

A

pathogen is eliminated from the body

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15
Q

infectious process

A

the body fighting something in the body
- injury
- increased permeability
- immigration of leukocytes
- phagocytosis
- exudate
- systemic symptoms

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16
Q

injury: infectious process

A

the initial insult to the area
- short period of vasoconstriction to stop bleeding and movement of invading organisms
- prolonged period of vasodilation which allows blood to bring immune cells to area and contributes to symptoms of inflammation

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17
Q

increased permeability: infectious process

A

fluid is pulled out of vascular space (blood vessel) and into the space of injury
- allows white blood cells to enter injury

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18
Q

immigration of leukocyte: infectious process

A

neutrophils from the fluid are attracted to site of injury and attach to endothelium of injured cells to move around injured tissue

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19
Q

phagocytosis: infectious process

A

phagocytosis occurs at site of injury by neutrophils and monocytes which recognize, engulf and destroy invaders

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20
Q

exudate: infectious process

A
  • transports leukocytes to injured areas
  • dilutes toxins
  • transports nutrients for healing process
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21
Q

systemic symptoms: infectious process

A

occurs if the infection doesn’t remain localized resulting in a total body response stimulating the hypothalamic fever set point

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22
Q

what does a fever point set increase

A
  • helps concern body heat
  • stimulates defense mechanisms to help rid body of organisms
  • some bacteria/virus less virulent in heat
  • improves neutrophil and macrophage function
  • improves antibody release and T-cell activation
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23
Q

colonization

A

pathogens inhabit a specific body site but not an active infection
- do not cause S/S

24
Q

infection

A

invasion of micro orgs that cause tissue damage
- clinical s/s of illness and inflammation

25
indications of infection
vital signs increased, verify with labs (cultures, urinalysis)
26
gram stain
shows gram +/- (presence of thick cell wall or not), shape an arrangement
27
what does culture and sensitivity tell you?
tells exact bacteria and what antibiotics would work to treat it - 24 hours for basic result - 72 hours for full identification
28
what can you culture?
- sputum (coughing) - urine (catheter) - blood (septic) : high likelihood of skin contamination, need at least one peripheral stick, aerobic/anaerobic
29
Urinalysis Normal results
- Dip Stick: 5-9 - Nitrates: negative - Leukocyte esterase: negative - Blood, WBC, RBC: <5 - Bacteria: negative - Epithelial cells: <5
30
nosocomial
Infections that occur while in healthcare facility - more virulent (spread quickly, more disruptive)
31
Drug resistance infections
- MRSA: methicillin resistant Staph aureus - CRE: carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae - MDRO: multi drug resistance
32
Superinfection
New infections that occur during treatment for a different infection - typically caused by resistant orgs - antimicrobial used to treat primary infection inhibit or kill NORMAL helpful flora usually in the GI tract or skin or mucosal surfaces
33
C diff
Clostridium difficile - normal intestine flora killed by antibiotics which allows c diff without control factor - extreme diarrhea, ab cramping and tenderness - can occur days to months after first antibiotic treatment - identified with PCR
34
C diff precautions
Contact D: gown, gloves, wash hands
35
C diff treatment
PO/IV metronidazole PO vancomycin - never give anti diarrheal medications
36
Complications of c diff
Pseudomembranous colitis - life threatening - dilation of the colon - may require surgery
37
Candidiasis
Yeast infection caused by over growth of fungus - occurs in mucous membranes (oral/vaginal) - occurs on moist skin surfaces
38
Candidiasis treatment and prevention
- mycostatin: swish and spit anti-fungal medication - nystatin: anti fungal powder
39
Cellular adaptation
Changes that your bodies cell go through to permit survival and maintenance of cellular function - cells can change size and form - both normal and abnormal
40
Atrophy
Decreased or shrinking cell size - cells have decreased protein synthesis and or increase protein catabolism
41
Types of atrophy
Physiologic: related to developmental issues - organ doesn’t develop properly Pathologic: related to decreased workload or changes environmental conditions - nutritional deficiencies, blood supple decrease, hormonal problems, prolonged immobility, aging
42
Hypertrophy
Increased cell size and can increase function of cell - typically a response to mechanical stimuli like repetitive stretching, chronic pressure, prolonged volume overload - heart and kidney most prone to negative adaptations - muscle/skeletal cells do naturally
43
Hyperplasia
Increased number of cells resulting from increase rate of cell division responding to prolonged/severe injury - only cells that divide (epidermal, intestinal epithelial, glandular cells) - normal w pregnancy changes, wound healing - abnormal w cancers, abnormal hormone stimulation
44
Dysplasia
Abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells (related to atypical hyperplasia) - associated w neoplastic growth (cancerous cells) - doesn’t equal cancer - reversible - inflammation and chronic irritation
45
Metaplasia
Reversible replacement of one type of mature cells to another - less differentiated - pathologic response to chronic irritation and inflammation * allows cells to survive better in a hostile environment and is reversible*
46
Neoplasia
Cellular growth not responding to normal regulator processes - usually bc mutation
47
Anaplasia
Cells differentiate to immature form or embryonic form - associated w neoplasms and malignant tumors
48
Cancer
Controlled cellular growth w rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of ability of cells to differentiate
49
Neoplasms-benign
- differentiated cells (less anapastic) - reproduced more rapidly than normal cells - unable to metastasize - grow slowly - frequently encapsulated - do not usually cause problems unless cause compression like in brain
50
neoplasms-malignant
- undifferentiated cells (super immature) - reproduce rapidly w atypical cells - often metastasize - sites near primary site or distant - no capsule
51
Necrosis
Cellular injury that results in cell death - irreversible - leads to swelling - bursting of cell - inflammation - can lead to gangrene or liquefaction necrosis
52
Ischemic necrosis
- infarction - prolonged ischemia
53
Gangrene
Dead tissue is breeding ground for bacteria - large massive tissue related to decrease blood supply and bacterial invasion - bc decrease blood supply, no WBC that can fight off bacteria
54
Liquefactive necrosis
Occurs in tissues w lots of lipids or where there are numerous inflammatory cells - release proteolytic enzymes which destroy tissue
55
Types of gangrene
Dry: minimal bacteria and inflammatory response - blackened, dry, wrinkled Wet: extensive damage from bacteria and WBC that produce liquid wound - foul smelling, rapid spread, can be systemic Gas: destroy connective tissue/cell membranes - caused by clostridium perfringens - gas bubbles that form spores, often found in soils

NUE 325: Pathopharm I (23 decks)

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