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NUE 325: Pathopharm I > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocyte/RBC

A

Primary responsibility is to carry oxygen to the tissues
- most abundant cell in the blood
- labs = Hct
- normal (absolute count): 4.2-6.2 million

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2
Q

Types of leukocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
    never let monkeys eat bananas
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3
Q

Divisions of WBC

A

Granulocyte:
- N, E, B
Agranulocytes:
- L, M

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4
Q

Granulocyte

A

Cells have nucleus and several lobes called granules
- granules release mediators w inflammatory and immunity properties
- largest group is neutrophils

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5
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Do not have granules so dont release inflammatory mediators

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6
Q

Neutrophils

A

First to arrive at site of inflammation
- bands and segs (immature v mature)
- inc w acute bacterial infections and trauma
- shift to the left aka inc bands

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7
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Primary cells of immune response (b and T cells)
- inc w chronic bacterial infection and acute viral infection
- live in the lymph nodes, no granules

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8
Q

Monocytes

A

Phagocytosis —> besties w macrophages
- inc w bacterial infections and cancers

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9
Q

Eosinophils

A

Inc w allergic rxn and parasitic infections
- worms, wheezes and weird diseases

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10
Q

Basophils

A

Inc w allergic rxn
- hypersensitivity and inflammatory rxns

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11
Q

Hgb

A

Hemoglobin: measures the Hgb in blood

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12
Q

Normal Hgb levels

A

Men: 13.5-17.5
Women: 12-15.5

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13
Q

Cause of low Hgb

A

Bleeding
Folate (b12) deficiencies
Cancer
Kidney and liver disease

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14
Q

High Hgb causes

A

Polycythemia
COPD
High altitude
Heavy smoking

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15
Q

Hct

A

Hematocrit: percentage of blood that is made up of packed RBC

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16
Q

Hct normal levels

A

Men: 41-50%
Women: 36-44%

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17
Q

Causes of low Hct

A

Anemia, bleeding, bleeding disorder, fluid imbalances

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18
Q

Causes of high Hct

A

Polycythemia, COPD, dehydration, shock, congenital heart disease

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19
Q

Other RBC labs

A
  • red cell count: # of RBC in blood
  • mean corpuscle volume: size of RBC
  • mean corpuscle Hgb: amount of Hgb by wt
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20
Q

Normal WBC level

A

5000-10,000

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21
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase WBC

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22
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decreased WBC

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23
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decreased neutrophils

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24
Q

What do total counts of WBC give us

A

Degree of response to pathological process

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25
CBC
Complete blood count
26
CBC w diff
Total number of WBC (absolute number) Proportion of each of the 5 WBC in a sample of 100ml *inc in % of one means dec % of another type*
27
Inc temp or fever
Protective mechanism that indicates something is wrong - dec growth, improve immune response, dec virulence
28
Leukopenia
WBC lower than 1000 - most often cancer pt result of disease or treatment - susceptible to bacterial infections - start precautions: good hygiene, avoid contact with ppl who are sick, avoid raw foods and grains, keep door closed
29
Leukopenia treatment
Hematopenia agents—> Granulocyte colony stimulating factors - filgrastim: leukopoietic growth factor produced by recombinant DNA tech
30
mononucleosis
self limiting lymphoproliferative disorder caused by infection of the B lymphocytes - caused by epstein barr virus - typically young adults/teens
31
mode of transportation: mono
contaminated saliva
32
pathogenesis of mono
atypical lymphocyte proliferation
33
onset of mono
insidious, incubation 4-8 wks
34
clinical manifestions of mono
- lymphadenopathy - hepatitis - splenomegaly - lethargic - labs: 12-18,000 WBC --> 95% are lymphocytes
35
treatment of mono
- treat the symptoms - no vaccine - hydrate
36
myelodysplastic syndrome
group of hematologic disorders characterized by change in quality and quantity of bone marrow elements - typically affects those older than 65
37
clinical manifestations of myelodysplastic syndrome
- cytopenias like anemia - infection and spontaneous bruising
38
etiology of myelodysplastic syndrome
unknown, thought to be env triggers
39
diagnostic test for myelodysplastic syndrome
lab tests and bone marrow biopsy
40
treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome
- supportive - granulocyte colony stimulating factor - erythropoietin - chemotherapy - bone marrow transplant
41
leukemia
malignant neoplasms of cells originally derived from single hematopoietic cell line
42
leukemia cells
- immature and unregulated - proliferate in the bone marrow then circulate in blood - infiltrate spleen and lymph nodes
43
leukemia classifications
according to predominate cell type aka either myelocytic or lymphatic - acute lymphocytic (children) - chronic lymphocytic leukemia (older adults) - acte myelocytic leukemia - chronic myelocytic leukemia
44
leukemia is the disease of which stem cells
- myeloid stem cells - lymphoid stem cells
45
leukemia cause
unknown, inc risk if exposed to radiation and maybe specific viruses
46
leukemia pathogenesis
immature WBC that have inc proliferation/prolonged life span - cannot perform function of mature lymphocytes so they are ineffective w phagocytosis - interfere w maturation of normal bone marrow cells (platelets and RBC)
47
acute leukemia
ALL, AML - sudden and stormy onset - s/s: dec mature WBC, RBC, platelets - diagnosis: blood/bone marrow tissue--> presence of immature WBCs
48
chronic leukemia
insidious onset that may be discovered during routine medical exam by blood count - CLL, CML
49
CLL
older adults with relatively mature lymphocytes that are immunologically incompetent - s/s: fatigue, wt loss, anorexia, infections
50
CML
adults and children with immature cell types that presents w inc granulocyte count - s/s: fatigue, wt loss, diaphoresis, bleeding ab discomfort
51
leukemia treatment
cytotoxic chemotherapy or stem cell transplant - goal to attain remission - risks: infection, rejection, relapse
52
types of stem cell transplant
- allogenic: volunteer donor - syngeneic: identical twin - autologous: pt's own
53
malignant lymphomas
neoplasms of cells derived from lymphoid tissue - non/Hodgkins
54
hodgkins disease
painless, progressive, rubbery enlargement of a single node or group of nodes - usually in neck area
55
distinct tumor cell found in lymph biopsy of hodgkins
reed stenberg
56
diagnosis of hodgkins
- peripheral blood analysis - lymph node biopsy - bone marrow exam - radiographic evaluation (CT, MRI, PET)
57
interacting factors of hodgkins
- Epstein Barr Virus - genetic predisposition - exposure to toxins
58
hodgkins clinical manifestions
insidious onset, painless enlargement of lymph nodes and other non specific symptoms like fatigue or nigh sweats
59
hodgkins treatments
chemotherapy - standard: doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (2-8 cycles) radiation stem cell transplant
60
non hodgkins
neoplastic disorder of lymphoid tissue - spreads early to liver, spleen, bone marrow - characterized by painless, superficial lymphadenopathy, extra nodal symptoms
61
extra nodal symptoms
lymphatic tissue in areas that it shouldnt be like bone, GI, skin
62
etiology of non Hodgkins
unknown
63
non hodgkins clinical manifestations
painless enlargement of lymph nodes and other non specific symptoms like fever, night sweats
64
diagnosis of non hodgkins
same as hodgkins - inc extra nodal sites
65
treatment of non hodgkins
- chemotherapy - radiation - refractory cases- stem cell transplant - ritximab, ibritumonman tiuxetan, tositumomab
66
multiple myeloma
plasma cell cancer (B cells) - atypical proliferation of one of immunoglobulins called M proteins which makes you unable to maintain humoral immunity - characterized by bone fracture and pain, also have symptoms r/t impaired production of RBC/WBC - men more likely than women, AA more likely than white
67
M protein
monoclonal antibody associated w multiple myeloma - inc osteoclasts which leads to bone destruction/resorption
68
etiology of multiple myeloma
unknown
69
clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma
slow and insidious, skeletal pain, hypercalemia (due to the bone breakdown)
70
diagnostic of multiple myeloma
labs, radiography, bone marrow exam - monoclonal antibody protein in serum and urine - pancytopenia, hypercalcemia, bence jones in urine, elevated serum cr, xrays of osetolytic lesions
71
treatments for multiple myeloma
watching, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, biological therapy, stem cell transplant, biophosphonates, adequate hydration

NUE 325: Pathopharm I (23 decks)

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