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NUE 325: Pathopharm I > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocyte/RBC

A

Primary responsibility is to carry oxygen to the tissues
- most abundant cell in the blood
- labs = Hct
- normal (absolute count): 4.2-6.2 million

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2
Q

Types of leukocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
    never let monkeys eat bananas
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3
Q

Divisions of WBC

A

Granulocyte:
- N, E, B
Agranulocytes:
- L, M

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4
Q

Granulocyte

A

Cells have nucleus and several lobes called granules
- granules release mediators w inflammatory and immunity properties
- largest group is neutrophils

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5
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Do not have granules so dont release inflammatory mediators

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6
Q

Neutrophils

A

First to arrive at site of inflammation
- bands and segs (immature v mature)
- inc w acute bacterial infections and trauma
- shift to the left aka inc bands

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7
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Primary cells of immune response (b and T cells)
- inc w chronic bacterial infection and acute viral infection
- live in the lymph nodes, no granules

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8
Q

Monocytes

A

Phagocytosis —> besties w macrophages
- inc w bacterial infections and cancers

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9
Q

Eosinophils

A

Inc w allergic rxn and parasitic infections
- worms, wheezes and weird diseases

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10
Q

Basophils

A

Inc w allergic rxn
- hypersensitivity and inflammatory rxns

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11
Q

Hgb

A

Hemoglobin: measures the Hgb in blood

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12
Q

Normal Hgb levels

A

Men: 13.5-17.5
Women: 12-15.5

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13
Q

Cause of low Hgb

A

Bleeding
Folate (b12) deficiencies
Cancer
Kidney and liver disease

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14
Q

High Hgb causes

A

Polycythemia
COPD
High altitude
Heavy smoking

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15
Q

Hct

A

Hematocrit: percentage of blood that is made up of packed RBC

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16
Q

Hct normal levels

A

Men: 41-50%
Women: 36-44%

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17
Q

Causes of low Hct

A

Anemia, bleeding, bleeding disorder, fluid imbalances

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18
Q

Causes of high Hct

A

Polycythemia, COPD, dehydration, shock, congenital heart disease

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19
Q

Other RBC labs

A
  • red cell count: # of RBC in blood
  • mean corpuscle volume: size of RBC
  • mean corpuscle Hgb: amount of Hgb by wt
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20
Q

Normal WBC level

A

5000-10,000

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21
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase WBC

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22
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decreased WBC

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23
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decreased neutrophils

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24
Q

What do total counts of WBC give us

A

Degree of response to pathological process

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25
Q

CBC

A

Complete blood count

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26
Q

CBC w diff

A

Total number of WBC (absolute number)
Proportion of each of the 5 WBC in a sample of 100ml
inc in % of one means dec % of another type

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27
Q

Inc temp or fever

A

Protective mechanism that indicates something is wrong
- dec growth, improve immune response, dec virulence

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28
Q

Leukopenia

A

WBC lower than 1000
- most often cancer pt result of disease or treatment
- susceptible to bacterial infections
- start precautions: good hygiene, avoid contact with ppl who are sick, avoid raw foods and grains, keep door closed

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29
Q

Leukopenia treatment

A

Hematopenia agents—> Granulocyte colony stimulating factors
- filgrastim: leukopoietic growth factor produced by recombinant DNA tech

30
Q

mononucleosis

A

self limiting lymphoproliferative disorder caused by infection of the B lymphocytes
- caused by epstein barr virus
- typically young adults/teens

31
Q

mode of transportation: mono

A

contaminated saliva

32
Q

pathogenesis of mono

A

atypical lymphocyte proliferation

33
Q

onset of mono

A

insidious, incubation 4-8 wks

34
Q

clinical manifestions of mono

A
  • lymphadenopathy
  • hepatitis
  • splenomegaly
  • lethargic
  • labs: 12-18,000 WBC –> 95% are lymphocytes
35
Q

treatment of mono

A
  • treat the symptoms
  • no vaccine
  • hydrate
36
Q

myelodysplastic syndrome

A

group of hematologic disorders characterized by change in quality and quantity of bone marrow elements
- typically affects those older than 65

37
Q

clinical manifestations of myelodysplastic syndrome

A
  • cytopenias like anemia
  • infection and spontaneous bruising
38
Q

etiology of myelodysplastic syndrome

A

unknown, thought to be env triggers

39
Q

diagnostic test for myelodysplastic syndrome

A

lab tests and bone marrow biopsy

40
Q

treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome

A
  • supportive
  • granulocyte colony stimulating factor
  • erythropoietin
  • chemotherapy
  • bone marrow transplant
41
Q

leukemia

A

malignant neoplasms of cells originally derived from single hematopoietic cell line

42
Q

leukemia cells

A
  • immature and unregulated
  • proliferate in the bone marrow then circulate in blood
  • infiltrate spleen and lymph nodes
43
Q

leukemia classifications

A

according to predominate cell type aka either myelocytic or lymphatic
- acute lymphocytic (children)
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia (older adults)
- acte myelocytic leukemia
- chronic myelocytic leukemia

44
Q

leukemia is the disease of which stem cells

A
  • myeloid stem cells
  • lymphoid stem cells
45
Q

leukemia cause

A

unknown, inc risk if exposed to radiation and maybe specific viruses

46
Q

leukemia pathogenesis

A

immature WBC that have inc proliferation/prolonged life span
- cannot perform function of mature lymphocytes so they are ineffective w phagocytosis
- interfere w maturation of normal bone marrow cells (platelets and RBC)

47
Q

acute leukemia

A

ALL, AML
- sudden and stormy onset
- s/s: dec mature WBC, RBC, platelets
- diagnosis: blood/bone marrow tissue–> presence of immature WBCs

48
Q

chronic leukemia

A

insidious onset that may be discovered during routine medical exam by blood count
- CLL, CML

49
Q

CLL

A

older adults with relatively mature lymphocytes that are immunologically incompetent
- s/s: fatigue, wt loss, anorexia, infections

50
Q

CML

A

adults and children with immature cell types that presents w inc granulocyte count
- s/s: fatigue, wt loss, diaphoresis, bleeding ab discomfort

51
Q

leukemia treatment

A

cytotoxic chemotherapy or stem cell transplant
- goal to attain remission
- risks: infection, rejection, relapse

52
Q

types of stem cell transplant

A
  • allogenic: volunteer donor
  • syngeneic: identical twin
  • autologous: pt’s own
53
Q

malignant lymphomas

A

neoplasms of cells derived from lymphoid tissue
- non/Hodgkins

54
Q

hodgkins disease

A

painless, progressive, rubbery enlargement of a single node or group of nodes
- usually in neck area

55
Q

distinct tumor cell found in lymph biopsy of hodgkins

A

reed stenberg

56
Q

diagnosis of hodgkins

A
  • peripheral blood analysis
  • lymph node biopsy
  • bone marrow exam
  • radiographic evaluation (CT, MRI, PET)
57
Q

interacting factors of hodgkins

A
  • Epstein Barr Virus
  • genetic predisposition
  • exposure to toxins
58
Q

hodgkins clinical manifestions

A

insidious onset, painless enlargement of lymph nodes and other non specific symptoms like fatigue or nigh sweats

59
Q

hodgkins treatments

A

chemotherapy
- standard: doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (2-8 cycles)
radiation
stem cell transplant

60
Q

non hodgkins

A

neoplastic disorder of lymphoid tissue
- spreads early to liver, spleen, bone marrow
- characterized by painless, superficial lymphadenopathy, extra nodal symptoms

61
Q

extra nodal symptoms

A

lymphatic tissue in areas that it shouldnt be like bone, GI, skin

62
Q

etiology of non Hodgkins

A

unknown

63
Q

non hodgkins clinical manifestations

A

painless enlargement of lymph nodes and other non specific symptoms like fever, night sweats

64
Q

diagnosis of non hodgkins

A

same as hodgkins
- inc extra nodal sites

65
Q

treatment of non hodgkins

A
  • chemotherapy
  • radiation
  • refractory cases- stem cell transplant
  • ritximab, ibritumonman tiuxetan, tositumomab
66
Q

multiple myeloma

A

plasma cell cancer (B cells)
- atypical proliferation of one of immunoglobulins called M proteins which makes you unable to maintain humoral immunity
- characterized by bone fracture and pain, also have symptoms r/t impaired production of RBC/WBC
- men more likely than women, AA more likely than white

67
Q

M protein

A

monoclonal antibody associated w multiple myeloma
- inc osteoclasts which leads to bone destruction/resorption

68
Q

etiology of multiple myeloma

A

unknown

69
Q

clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma

A

slow and insidious, skeletal pain, hypercalemia (due to the bone breakdown)

70
Q

diagnostic of multiple myeloma

A

labs, radiography, bone marrow exam
- monoclonal antibody protein in serum and urine
- pancytopenia, hypercalcemia, bence jones in urine, elevated serum cr, xrays of osetolytic lesions

71
Q

treatments for multiple myeloma

A

watching, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, biological therapy, stem cell transplant, biophosphonates, adequate hydration

NUE 325: Pathopharm I (23 decks)

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