Immunity And Vaccines Flashcards
Inflammation
Protective mechanism that occurs with cell injury and begins the healing process
what are the 3 main processes of inflammation
-destroy invading and harmful agents
-limit the spread of harmful agents
-prepare damaged tissue for repair
-itis
Conditions with inflammation
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
-redness
-swelling
-heat
-pain
- loss of function
causes of inflammation
- exogenous (surgery, trauma, burns)
- endogenous (tissue ischemia, something internal)
Types of inflammation
-acute: less than 2 weeks
-chronic: extends over long periods and often results in scar tissue
Events of inflammation
- tissue injury or bacterial antigens
— stimulates release of chemicals - vasodilation and increase vascular permeability
— allows easier movement of in/out - leukocyte recruitment and emigration
— wbc recruitment and attachment - phagocytosis of antigens and debris
— performed by wbc, eat/breakdown bad
Exudate
Fluid that leaks out of bv, neutrophils, and debris
- vary in composition
- four types: serous, serosanguineous, purulent, hemorrhagic
Serous exudates
Watery, low protein, mild inflammation, clear fluid
- “good’ kinds
Serosanguineous
Pink tinged fluid, small amount of RBC, pretty normal
Purulent
Severe inflammation with bacterial inflammation, neutrophils, protein, and debris, more concerning
-thicker secretions, weird color/smell, stickier
Hemorrhagic
Lots of RBCs, most severe inflammation, severe leakage from bv, bleeding from somewhere
Systemic manifestations of inflammation
Cytokines released which lead to
- fever
- increased neutrophils
- lethargy
- muscle catabolism (breakdown)
distinguishing between systemic manifestations of inflammatory vs infection
You will be able to find a source of infection and inflammation you will not
- both show the systemic inflammatory processes
MHC
Major histocompatibility complex: cluster of genes on chromosome 6 that produce proteins for the cell surface —> proteins used to discriminate between self and non-self
- aka human leukocyte antigen complex
- allows body to identify self as “safe”
- 2 major classes: MHC Class I and II
Specific adaptive immunity
Effective/adaptive defense mechanism
- recognizes and destroy foreign invaders
- retains memory of foreign invaders (adaptability)
- B cell and T cells
Humoral immunity
B cells: antibody immunity
- memory cells that remember exposure to antigen
- plasma cells: secrete antibodies
Antibodies
Aka immunoglobulins, 5 classes
- recognize antigens
Immunity
State of resistance against infection from a particular pathogen
- provided mostly by adequate antibodies
IgG
most common, protects against bacterial and viral infections (infections and vaccinations)
IgM
10%, activates compliment for cytotoxic functions ( early, recent infections, produced at exposure)
IgA
secretory functions (saliva, tears, milk)
IgD
trace amounts in serum, more on B cell, stimulates B cells to multiply and differentiate
IgE
role in immunity against parasites and allergic rxn
Passive immunity
Transfer of plasma containing antibodies from an immunized person to non-immunized person
- mother to fetus
- infection of antibodies
Active immunity
Protected state due to body’s own immune response
- active infection (getting infection and body responds—> B cells)
- vaccines
Types of vaccines
- traditional: inactive or killed organisms
- attenuated: weakened organisms, do not exposed to ppl with weak immune systems
- toxoids: inactivated toxins that simulate production of antitoxin (tetanus)
- conjugate: protein or toxins from one organism attached to a disease causing to stimulate response
