Stress and Steroids

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

ideal set point where body’s balance is achieved

Question 2

allostasis

Answer 2

dynamic process that helps the body go back to the set point –>back to homeostasis
- process of attaining and maintaining stability through change when leads to adaptations
- altering multiple physiological variables to match demands

Question 3

stress

Answer 3

internal or external alterations in our environment that produces tension
- prolonged stress can cause physical and physiological problems
- physical, psychological, chemical

Question 4

eustress

Answer 4

positive rxn from the body
- makes us feel motivated and inc conc

Question 5

distress

Answer 5

negative rxn that causes anxiety
- dec conc/performance long term or short term

Question 6

stressor

Answer 6

actual fore exerted
- taking exam
- infection

Question 7

coping mechanisms

Answer 7

ways in which stress is managed or our bodies are adapted to
- allow ind to withstand stressor
- helps to resolve the situation and feelings associated

Question 8

influences of stress

Answer 8

• genetics
• culture
• prior experiences/env
• pre existing health status
• allostatic state
• ability to manage stress

Question 9

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 9

body’s natural response to a stressor that involves
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion

Question 10

alarm

Answer 10

initial state of arousal that is the body’s initial defense system
- fight or flight response

Question 11

alarm fight or flight response

Answer 11

sympathetic nervous system
- adrenergic response
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

Question 12

adrenergic response

Answer 12

hypothalamus releasing CRH activates SNS which stimulates release of epi and norepi

Question 13

HPA axis

Answer 13

CRH stimulates ant pituitary to secrete ACTH which stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
- glucocorticoid is cortisol

Question 14

catecholamines

Answer 14

norepinephrine
epinephrine

Question 15

norepinephrine

Answer 15

constricts smooth muscles
dilates pupils
dec gastric secretion
inc glucose (pancreas)

Question 16

epinephrine

Answer 16

inc heart contractibility
inc venous return
inc cardiac output
relaxes smooth muscle (in lungs)
dilates airways
inc glucose and dec insulin

Question 17

glucocorticoid

Answer 17

cortisol
- inc blood pressure, cardiac output
- dec reproductive hormones
- inc amino acids
- atrophy of lymph tissue
- limited inc in WBC

Question 18

mineralcorticoids

Answer 18

aldosterone
- works on kidneys
- absorbs Na –> promotes water excretion
- excrete K and H

Question 19

glucocorticoids promote

Answer 19

synthesis of epinephrine

Question 20

catecholamines and glucocortiocds work…

Answer 20

together in the brain to develop memory
- teaches brain how to respond to stress

Question 21

resistance

Answer 21

continued hormone and catecholamine release
- continued counteracting of effects of continued stress
- limited supply
- when stressor is removed, cholinergic response takes over and body relaxes (parasympathetic)

Question 22

exhaustion

Answer 22

chronic state of stress that has negative impacts on physical and mental well being
- immunosuppression from cortisol, dec WBC, atrophy of thalamus, dec T cells
- excessive catecholamine response

Question 23

allostasis, allostatic load and overload

Answer 23

allostasis: short term adaptation to stressor, survival
allostatic load: chronic stress, long term dysregulation
allostatic overload: exhaustion, stress induced disease or disorder

Question 24

allostatic overload results in

Answer 24

• hair loss
• tension
• mouth sores
• asthma
• palpations
• tics
• digestive orders
• irritable bowel
• acne
• irregular periods
• impotence
• sleep disturbances

Question 25

sleep deprivation

Answer 25

- irritability and moodiness - apathy - impaired memory - poor judgement - hallucinations

Question 26

stress can lead to what diseases

Answer 26

- coronary artery disease - HTN - stroke - tension headaches - rheumatoid arthritis - autoimmune disease - IBS - ulcers - sexual disorders - TII DM

Question 27

overproduction of stress hormones

Answer 27

- affects memory - major depressive disorder - immunosuppression (inc risk of infection, autoimmune, dec healing, prolong infection)

Question 28

cortisol effects on carb and glucose metabolism

Answer 28

- opposite of insulin - glucose to the brain - gluconeogenesis - dec peripheral glucose utilization - inhibit glucose uptake by muscles and adipose - promote glucose storage

Question 29

cortisol and protein metabolism

Answer 29

muscle wasting break down of muscle, adipose tissue, skin and bones

Question 30

cortisol and fat redistribution

Answer 30

lipolysis of extremities lipogenesis of face and trunk

Question 31

in exhaustion the body can never

Answer 31

achieve homeostasis - hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex - atrophy of lymphatic tissue - bleeding ulcers

Question 32

replacement of steroids can be

Answer 32

actual or pseudo insufficient

Question 33

steroids have

Answer 33

anti inflammatory properties and are immunosuppressive

Question 34

steroids used to treat

Answer 34

allergies asthma COPD exacerbation chronic inflammatory bowel rheumatoid arthrisis post transplant

Question 35

steroid replacement general

Answer 35

mimic physiological levels - glucocort are essential - must inc dose in times of stress

Question 36

steroid replacement glucocort

Answer 36

alternate day therapy and give before 9 am - mimics burst at 9 am - traditional dosing is multiple and small

Question 37

steroids replacement mineralcort

Answer 37

once per day dosing frequently do not need to replace