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NUR 325 Patho > Visual and sensory > Flashcards

Visual and sensory Flashcards

1
Q

Eyelid=

A

Hordeolum or Sty

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2
Q

Conjunctiva=

A

conjunctivitis (pink eye)

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3
Q

Cornea=

A

keratitis

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4
Q

Tear ducts=

A

dry eye disorder

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5
Q

what is Hordeolum (sty)

A

Infection of the oil-producing gland in the lid margin

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6
Q

what is bacteria causes hordeolum

A

Staph aureus

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7
Q

presentation of eye with hordeolum

A

red
swollen
tender

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8
Q

treatment of hordeolum

A

warm compresses 3-4 times a day

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9
Q

what should you no do with hordeolum

A

Do not squeeze or pop the sty, can spread the infection

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10
Q

what is Conjunctivitis “pink eye”

A

infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva (eyelid)

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11
Q

what is the etiology of Conjunctivitis “pink eye” (4)

A

bacterial
viral
chlamydia
irritants (allergies)

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12
Q

Conjunctivitis “pink eye” BACTERIAL TREATMENT

A

Usually self-limiting
Antibiotic drops can shorten the course

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13
Q

Conjunctivitis “pink eye” VIRAL TREATMENT

A

Topical steroids provide temporary relief

Antivirals are ineffective

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14
Q

Conjunctivitis “pink eye” CHLAMYDIA TREATMENT

A

Oral antibiotics, however, some infections resistant

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15
Q

Conjunctivitis “pink eye” ALLERGIC TREATMENT

A

Artificial tears, topical antihistamines, or steroids

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16
Q

what is keratitis

A

inflammation or infection of the cornea

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17
Q

what may keratitis also involve

A

the conjunctiva

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18
Q

etiology of keratitis

A

Bacteria- contact lens wearers higher risk
Treat with antibiotics (topical, injection, IV)

Amoeba- contaminated contact lens
Treat with antifungal drops, often resistant

Viral- herpes virus
Antiviral eye drops

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19
Q

complication of keratitis

A

corneal ulcer

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20
Q

what is a corneal ulcer

A

constant feeling of something in your eye

extremely painful

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21
Q

S/S of corneal ulcer

A

photophobia
discharge
redness

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22
Q

what happens if a corneal ulcer goes untreated

A

can lead to blindness

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23
Q

what is Keraconjunctivitis sicca

A

dry eye disorder

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24
Q

etiology of Keraconjunctivitis sicca

A

aging
Sjogren’s syndrome (SLE)
other systemic diseases

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25
Q

common complaint of Keraconjunctivitis sicca

A

sand in my eye

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26
Q

treatment for Keraconjunctivitis sicca

A

May need artificial tears

Cyclosporine eye drops can also be helpful

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27
Q

risk factors for cataracts

A

Older age
Eye trauma
Congenital risk
Diabetes
Corticosteroid use
Smoking and ETOH consumption

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28
Q

what are cataracts

A

cloudy lens

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29
Q

cataracts onset

A

gradual onset of painless blurry vision

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30
Q

what happens if cataracts are left untreated

A

may end in blindness

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31
Q

Cataract manifestations (7)

A

Painless
Uni- or bilateral vision changes
Blurry
Halo around lights
Altered color perceptions
Glare issues at night
Decreased accommodation

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32
Q

treatment for cataracts

A

laser eye treatment

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33
Q

most common type of retinopathy

A

diabetic retinopathy

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34
Q

2 types of retinopathy

A

nonproliferative
proflierative

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35
Q

What is nonproliferative retinopathy

A

Capillary microaneurysms, retinal swelling, hard exudate

Macular edema- plasma leaks from macular blood vessels

Capillaries rupture, leading to “dot or blot” hemorrhaging

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36
Q

what is proliferative retinopathy

A

All from nonproliferative PLUS

Advanced retinopathy

New blood vessels are fragile and leaky

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37
Q

What is hypertensive retinopathy

A

high blood pressure creates blockages in retinal blood vessels

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38
Q

Are there initial vision changes with hypertensive retinopathy

A

NO

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39
Q

what happens if hypertensive retinopathy is sustained

A

severe HTN can cause sudden visual loss related swelling of the optic disc and nerve

40
Q

How do you restore normal vision with hypertensive retinopathy

A

treatment of the the HTN

41
Q

what is retinal detachment

A

retina has tear or leak

Vitreous humor flows behind the retina

Rapid, progressive detachment from the choroid

42
Q

T/F retinal detachment is usually spontaneous

A

TRUE

43
Q

Who is retinal detachment more likely to occur in

A

people who have myopia

ppl over 40

Traumas to the head such as eye tumors or complication or history of cataract surgery

44
Q

Clinical manifestations of detached retina (4)

A

SUDDEN, unilateral vision loss

Painless

May see floaters

Flashes of light

45
Q

Age related macular degeneration is most common cause of what

A

irreversible vision loss in people over 60 in the US

46
Q

2 types of Age related macular degeneration

A

Dry (non-exudative)- most common, 90% of cases

Wet (exudative)- only 10%

47
Q

Etiology of macular degeneration

A

retinal aging

48
Q

risk factors for macular degeneration

A

Family history,
genetics,
UV light,
hyperopia (farsightedness, cant see close)
smoking,
light-colored eyes

49
Q

what can be a protective factor for macular degeneration

A

Dark green, leafy vegetables protective

50
Q

Describe dry macular degeneration

A

Yellow deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium

51
Q

Describe Wet macular degeneration:

A

Growth of new, leaky blood vessels in an abnormal location of the retina

52
Q

early symptoms of macular degeneration

A

usually no symptoms

53
Q

later symptoms of macular degeneration (3)

A

Blurred, darkened vision

Blind spots (scotomas)

Distorted vision (metamorphopsia)

54
Q

what are the limitations of macular degeneration

A

vision does not impove and treatment is limited.

55
Q

T/F meds can be injected into the eye for macular degeneration

A

TRUE

56
Q

2 types of glaucoma

A

open angle
closed angle

57
Q

what is glaucoma

A

elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)

AND

Vision changes
OR
Optic nerve damage

58
Q

T/F Glucoma is a chronic condition

A

TRUE

59
Q

T/F glaucoma usually only affects one eye

A

FALSE- affects bilateral eye involvement

60
Q

Risk factors for Open-Angle Glaucoma (6)

A

Elevated IOP
Age- older
Race: African-Americans 3-4x higher risk
Family history
Myopia (Far objects Blurry)
Diabetes, HTN, migraines

61
Q

What is open angle galucoma

A

Abnormal trabecular meshwork
Reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of Schlemm
Imbalance between inflow and outflow

62
Q

what is the result of open angle glaucoma

A

Results in increased IOP and vision problems

63
Q

clinical manifestations of open angle glaucoma

A

None usually
Progressive loss of sight
Vague eye pain
Halos around lights
Tunnel vision

64
Q

What is closed angle glaucoma

A

Abnormal angle between the iris and later cornea

Outflow is blocked when the pupil is DILATED

65
Q

what is closed angle glaucoma also known as

A

Acute angle-closure
glaucoma (AACG)

Narrow-angle glaucoma

66
Q

Risk factors of closed angle glaucoma (6)

A

Asian American ethnicity
Females
Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Family history
Older age

67
Q

T/F Acute angle-closure glaucoma is an EMERGENCY

A

TRUE

68
Q

What triggers Acute angle-closure glaucoma

A

Anticholinergic drugs

69
Q

Clinical manifestations of Acute closed-angle glaucoma (8)

A

Typically UNILATERAL
Other eye is at risk
SEVERE eye pain
Nausea and vomiting
Blurry vision, halos
Reddened eyes
Dilated pupil– non-reactive to light
Cloudy cornea

70
Q

Patho of Glaucoma and blindness

A

Due to the increased IOP
More pressure on inner eye structures
Decreased blood flow to optic nerve
Nerve fiber death blindness

71
Q

What drug characteristics do we look for when treating galucoma

A

Drugs that DECREASE aqueous humor production
INCREASE aqueous humor drainage
Or both

72
Q

What do we do for acute angle crisis

A

must treat with surgical intervention

73
Q

Cautions with optic topical agents

A

Keep them localized

use nasolacrimal pressure with instillation (prevents systemic effects)

hold pressure for 2 minutes

74
Q

2 Optic-Topical Beta-Blockers

A

timolol - nonselective

betaxolol - B1 receptor

75
Q

MOA of optic-topical beta blockers

A

Block sympathetic nervous system stimulation of beta receptors

76
Q

Therapeutic use of optic-topical beta blockers

A

Open-angle glaucoma maintenance treatment

If acute-angle closure– need drops asap and other interventions

77
Q

Adverse effects of Topical optic beta blockers

A

Transient burning & discomfort

If allowed to go systemic- can have systemic effects

78
Q

contraindications for Topical optic beta blockers

A

Same as oral beta-blockers (non-selective versus beta 1)

79
Q

patient teaching for Topical optic beta blockers

A

Must take– otherwise will progress to blindness

Apply nasolacrimal pressure with instillation

80
Q

Class of latanoprost (Xalatan)

A

Prostaglandin Analogs

81
Q

MOA of latanoprost

A

increases outflow drainage of aqueous humor

82
Q

indication for latanoprost

A

open-angle glaucoma

ocular hypertension

83
Q

adverse effects of latanoprost

A

Well-tolerated

84
Q

Class of brimonidine (Alphagan)

A

alpha-adrenergic agonist

85
Q

MOA of brimonidine

A

decreases AH production, may increase drainage/outflow

86
Q

Indication of brimonidine

A

Used for open-angle glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure

87
Q

Adverse effects of brimonidine

A

Burning/stinging

Dry mouth

Fatigue,

H/A,

blurred vision,

hypotension

88
Q

Class for dozolamide (Trusopt)

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

89
Q

Use of dozolamide

A

2nd line treatment for open-angle and increased IOP

90
Q

MOA of dozolamide

A

decreased production of aqueous humor

91
Q

Adverse effect of dozolamide

A

Stinging

Bitter taste

Allergic reactions (conjunctiva or lid reactions)

92
Q

what is meniere disease

A

Episodic disorder of the middle ear

93
Q

what is meniere disease also called

A

endolymphatic hydrops

94
Q

Is meniere disease bilateral or unilateral

A

Can be both

95
Q

clinical manifestations of meniere disease

A

recurring episodes of vertigo [usually with nausea & vomiting], hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and feeling of fullnes

96
Q

Patho of Meniere Disease

A

Excessive endolymph and pressures in the membranes disrupt vestibular (balance) and hearing function

97
Q

Treatment of meniere disease

A

Treatment is symptomatic

NUR 325 Patho (18 decks)

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