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NUR 325 Patho > Gastrointestinal Disorders > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is constipation

A

small, infrequent, or difficult BM

Fewer than 3 BMs/week

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2
Q

What is the causes of constipation

A

Diet (low in fiber)
Lack of exercise
Slowed peristalsis
Pathologic conditions
Obstruction or diverticulitis

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3
Q

What is an impaction

A

unrelieved constipation

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4
Q

what can an iimapaction lead to

A

an obstruction

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5
Q

what is an obstruction

A

a firm, immovable mass of stool obstructs lower GI tract

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6
Q

S/S of an impaction (5)

A

May have continuous oozing or diarrhea

Loss of appetite

N/V

Abdominal distention

Cramping and pain

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7
Q

What is diarrhea

A

increase in frequency and fluidity of bowel movements

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8
Q

what can cause ACUTE diarrhea

A

Infection,
emotional stress,
some medications,
liquid stool around an impaction

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9
Q

what can cause CHRONIC diarrhea

A

lasting more than 4 weeks
Chronic GI infection
Alterations in motility or integrity
Malabsorption
Endocrine disorders

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10
Q

What is causes EPISODIC diarrhea

A

Food allergy or irritant

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11
Q

What are the 4 pathophysiologic mechanisms of diarrhea

A

Osmotic diarrhea

Secretory diarrhea

Exudative diarrhea

Related to motility disturbances

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12
Q

what is osmotic diarrhea

A

increase in solutes

sodium and water rush into colon

common with mag sulfate
and tube feeding

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13
Q

what is secretory diarrea

A

caused by bacteria or toxin causing increase secretion and inhibit reabsorbtion.

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14
Q

2 common bacteria in secretory diarrhea

A

Vibrio cholerae & Staphylococcus aureus

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15
Q

what is exudative diarrhea

A

active inflammation in bowel lumen resulting in exudate of mucus, blood and proteins in a open wound pulling water into intestines .
common in crohn disease and ulcerative colitits

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16
Q

what is Related to motility disturbances

A

decrease absoprtion in small intestines with large amounts of fluid delivered to colon.

examples include Dumping syndrome & IBS

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17
Q

problems with diarrhea

A

Skin breakdown

Fluid/Electrolyte imbalance

Nutritional concerns

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18
Q

Drugs used to treat Diarrhea

A

Anti-diarrheals

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19
Q

Different groups of diarrheals

A

Adsorbants

Antimotility (anticholinergics and opiates)

Probiotics

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20
Q

route of antidiarrheals

A

oral

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21
Q

Drug name for adsorbent drug

A

bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)

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22
Q

MOA of bismuth subsalicylate

A

coats the walls of the GI tract

Bind the causative agent for elimination

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23
Q

Adverse Effects (Bismuth subsalicylate)

A

Increased bleeding time

Constipation

Dark stools and darkening of tongue

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24
Q

characteristics of bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)

A

form of asprin

contains activated charcoal

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25
Q

What is the antimotility drugs

A

loperamide (Imodium)

diphenoxylate [atropine] (Lomotil)

26
Q

MOA of antimotility drugs

A

Slow peristalsis
Drying effect*

27
Q

adverse effects of antimotility drugs

A

Urinary retention
Headache
dizziness
anxiety
drowsiness
Bradycardia
hypotension
Dry skin
Flushing

28
Q

T/F Antimotility drugs can be Used alone or in combination with adsorbants and opiates

A

TRUE

29
Q

MOA of probiotics

A

Replenish these bacteria and restore normal flora

30
Q

These bacteria make up the majority of normal flora of gut

A

Lactobacillius organisms (Bacid, Culturelle)

31
Q

Medication used in the treatment of C-Diff

A

Saccharomyces boulardii (Florastor)

32
Q

What are laxatives used for

A

treatment of constipation

33
Q

Different groups of laxatives

A

Bulk-forming
Emollient
Hyperosmotic
Saline
Stimulant

34
Q

How laxative treatment is prioritized

A

Individualized by:

Age
Severity
Contributing factors

35
Q

Bulk-forming medication

A

psyllium (Metamucil)

36
Q

MOA of psullium

A

Act similar to dietary fiber

Absorb water into the intestine, increasing bulk

Distends bowel to initiate reflex bowel activity and bowel movement

37
Q

T/F psullium is OK for long term use

A

TRUE

38
Q

Adverse effects of psullium

A

Impaction above strictures

Fluid/electrolyte imbalance

Gas formation

Esophageal blockage

39
Q

Emollient medications

A

docusate sodium (Colace)

mineral oil

40
Q

MOA of docusate sodium

A

lubricates fecal material and walls, promotes fat absorption into fecal mass

41
Q

uses of docusate sodium

A

prevent opioid-induced constipation

42
Q

route of docusate sodium

A

PO

43
Q

MOA of mineral oil

A

lubricate intestines

44
Q

uses of mineral oil

A

fecal impactions

45
Q

route of mineral oil

A

PO
PR

46
Q

Adverse effects of emollients

A

skin rashes, decreased absorption of vitamins

47
Q

what do emollients prevent

A

water from moving out of intestines

48
Q

Hyperosomtic drugs

A

glycerin

lactulose

polyethylene glycol

49
Q

MOA of hyperosomtic drugs

A

Increasing water content in feces

Promotes distention, peristalsis, and evacuation

50
Q

uses of hyperosomtic drugs

A

Evacuate bowels before diagnostics and surgical procedures

51
Q

adverse effects of hyperosomtic drugs

A

Abdominal bloating

Rectal irritation

Electrolyte imbalance

52
Q

MOA of saline laxatives

A

increase osmotic pressure and draw water into colon

53
Q

Adverse effects of saline laxatives

A

Magnesium toxicity
Electrolyte imbalance
Cramping, diarrhea

54
Q

2 Types of Saline salts

A

Magnesium salts
sodium salts

55
Q

3 types of magnesium salts

A

magnesium citrate (Citroma)

magnesium hydroxide (Phillips Milk of Magnesia)

magnesium sulfate (epsom salts)

56
Q

type of sodium salt

A

fleet enema

57
Q

2 Type of stimulant laxative

A

bisacodyl (Ducolax)

senna (Senokot)

58
Q

route of bisacodyl

A

PO
PR

59
Q

route of senna

A

PO

60
Q

Uses of stimulant laxatives

A

OTC for constipation or whole bowel evacuation

61
Q

Adverse Effects of stimulant laxatives

A

Nutrient malabsorption

Gastric irritation

Electrolyte imbalance

NUR 325 Patho (18 decks)

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