Vision problems Flashcards
cataract
cloudy lens, scatters light
painless, blurry vision
is cataracts a gradual or sudden onset?
gradual onset
if cataracts are left untreated?
blindness
risk factors of cataracts
older age
eye trauma
congenital risk
Diabetes
Corticosteroid use
Smoking, alcohol consumption
S/Sx cataracts
painless
Unilateral or bilateral
Blurry vision, halo around lights
Altered color perceptions
glare issues at night
Decreased accommodation
Treatment for cataracts
Surgery
Diabetic retinopathy
Increases over the age of 40 with diabetes
Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
capillary micro-aneurysms
retinal swelling
Hard exudate
Macular, edema; plasma leaks from macular blood vessels
Capillaries rupture, dot or blot hemorrhaging
proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Advanced retinopathy
New blood vessels are fragile and leaky
Hypertensive retinopathy cause
increased blood pressure
Blockages in retinal blood vessels
Initially, no vision change
Severe hypotension can lead to?
Sudden vision loss, due to swelling of optic disc and nerve
Treatment for hypertension retinopathy
treat and control the disease
Follow up with retinologist more frequently
Normal vision restored with hypertension treatment
retinal detachment
Retina has tear or leak
Vitreous humor, fluid followers behind the retina
risk factors for retinal detachment
Usually spontaneous
More likely in people with myopia (can’t see far)
Over 40 years old
Trauma to the head
eye tumors
History/complication of cataract surgery
S/Sx retinal detachment
Sudden
Unilateral vision loss
Painless
May see floaters
Flashes of light
Macular degeneration
Most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60 in the US
Dry (non-exudative)
Most common, 90%
Yellow deposits, in retinal pigment epithelium
Wet (exudative)
less common, only 10%
Growth of New blood vessels in an abnormal location of retina
Causes of macular degeneration
Retinal aging
Risk factors for macular degeneration
Family Hx
Genetics
UV light (pilots, flight attendants)
Hyperopia (can’t see close)
Smoking
Light colored eyes
what is protective against macular degeneration?
Dark, leafy vegetables
early s/sx of macular degeneration
None
late s/sx of macular degeneration
blurred vision
Blindspot’s
Distorted vision
Another word for Blindspot’s
Scotomas
Another word for distorted vision
metamorphopsia
does vision improve in macular degeneration?
No, Limited treatment
glaucoma
Elevated intraocular pressure with vision changes or optic nerve damage
is glaucoma chronic or acute?
chronic condition
Both eyes affected
Open angle glaucoma
Can have some flow through the eyes
risk factors for open angle glaucoma
Elevated intraocular pressure
Older age
African-Americans (3-4x)
Family history
Myopia
Diabetes, hypertension, migraines
Patho of glaucoma
Abnormal trabecular meshwork
Reduced drainage into canal of schlemm
Results in increased intraocular pressure in vision problems
S/Sx open angled glaucoma
initially, no vision changes
Progressive loss of sight
vague eye pain
halos around lights
Tunnel vision
Close angled glaucoma
much less common
Abnormal angle between iris in later cornea
Outflow is blocked when people is dilated
other ways to say close angle glaucoma
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Narrow angle glaucoma
Risk factors for close angle glaucoma
asian-Americans
Females
Hyperopia
Family history
Older age
is closed angle glaucoma, an emergency?
yes, outcome is based on time from onset to treatment
what can trigger close angle glaucoma?
Anticholinergic drugs
S/sx close angle glaucoma
Typically unilateral, other, eye at risk
Severe eye pain
N/V
blurry vision, halos
Red eyes
Dilated pupils, non-reactive to light
Cloudy cornea
how does glaucoma affect blindness?
Due to increased intraocular pressure
More pressure on inner eye structures
Decrease blood flow to optic nerve
Nerve fiber death
what is the treatment for acute angle crisis?
Surgery
should you keep optic topical agents localized, or spread around?
Localized
what pressure should you use with installation?
Nasolacrimal pressure, hold for 2 minutes
Ménière’s disease
Endolymphatic hydrops
Episodic disorder of middle ear
Can be unilateral or bilateral
Excessive endolymph and pressures in membranes
Disrupts, vestibular, balance, and hearing function
S/Sx Ménière’s disease
recurring episodes of vertigo
N/V
Hearing loss
Ringing in ears – tinnitus
Feeling of fullness
treatment for Ménière’s disease
Symptomatic
Changes in diet, salt restriction
Treat stress
Drugs to help with dizziness
Who is Ménière’s disease most common in?
20-40 years
what part of the ear is infected in Ménière’s disease
Middle ear