Urological Problems Flashcards
UTI common sites
lower urinary tract and bladder
who are UTIs more common in
women- shorter urethra, incomplete emptying, irritation
protein in urine, microorganism growth
what is the most common bacteria
E. coli
Cause of UTI
bacteruria- bacteria in urine NOT causing infection
urethritis- infection in urethra
cystitis- infection in bladder
S/Sx of UTI
can be asymptomatic
urgency, frequency
cloudy, foul smell
hematuria
fever, chills
how are UTIs diagnosed
H&P
urinalysis
urine culture
CBC
treatment of UTI
antibiotics
increase fluids
avoid irritants (caffeine)
loose cotton clothing
frequent urination: don’t hold
probiotics
protective factors
acidic urine
urea presence
men-prostatic secretions
women-urethral secretions
urine flow-unidirectional
one way valve at urethral attachment to bladder
immune system fights off bacteria
risk factors of UTI
catheters CAUTI
females
perineal irritation-incontinent
older age-nursing home
pregnancy
sexual activity (increase in females within first year)
urinary obstruction or reflex
immobility
incontinence x 2
decreased cognition
bad hygiene
S/Sx UTI
utheritis
dysuria
can be asymptomatic
cystitis-frequency, urgency, suprapubic discomfort, hematuria
atypical sx in children
fever, irritability
poor feeding, vomiting
diarrhea
i’ll appearance
old enough to verbalize
atypical sx in elderly
anxiety
confusion, alt. LOC**
lethargy
anorexia
Hx falls
overactive bladder
sudden urge to urinate
may experience urgency incontinence
increased frequency, >8/day
nocturia, wake up >2/night
causes of overactive bladder
neuro disorders-stroke
DM, UTI
hormonal changes-menopause
tumors/stones within bladder area
obstructions
incontinence
involuntary loss of urine
not normal with age BUT may be related to age related changes in structure of urinary tract
what are the most common types of urinary incontinence
urgency
stress
urgency incontinence
involuntary loss/leaks of urine immediately after a sudden sensation to urinate
causes of urgency incontinence
Overactive detrusor muscle
increased with age
bladder infection
bladder outlet obstruction
CNS conditions
drugs-diuretics, alcohol
stress incontinence
urine is involuntarily lost with increase in intraabdominal pressure
precipitated by effort or exertion (sneeze, cough)
causes of stress incontinence
loss of pelvic floor muscles
loss of fascial support of bladder and urethra, changes angle and not closed
risk factors of stress incontinence
age
obesity
childbirth related trauma
pelvic surgery
mixed incontinence
combo of stress and urgency
common in older women
overflow incontinence
bladder is too full
more common in men with enlarged prostate
functional incontinence
physical and environmental limitations and an inability to get to toilet in time
transient incontinence
sudden and reversible
often related to UTI, constipation or fecal impaction
problems with incontinence
inflammation of skin
redness, itching, pain, swelling, blisters, dryness
skin vulnerable to bacteria and viral infections
damp skin-breeding for bacteria and fungi
risk areas of skin related to incontinence
genitals
between buttocks
inner thighs
