Urological Problems

Question 1

UTI common sites

Answer 1

lower urinary tract and bladder

Question 2

who are UTIs more common in

Answer 2

women- shorter urethra, incomplete emptying, irritation

protein in urine, microorganism growth

Question 3

what is the most common bacteria

Answer 3

E. coli

Question 4

Cause of UTI

Answer 4

bacteruria- bacteria in urine NOT causing infection
urethritis- infection in urethra
cystitis- infection in bladder

Question 5

S/Sx of UTI

Answer 5

can be asymptomatic
urgency, frequency
cloudy, foul smell
hematuria
fever, chills

Question 6

how are UTIs diagnosed

Answer 6

H&P
urinalysis
urine culture
CBC

Question 7

treatment of UTI

Answer 7

antibiotics
increase fluids
avoid irritants (caffeine)
loose cotton clothing
frequent urination: don’t hold
probiotics

Question 8

protective factors

Answer 8

acidic urine
urea presence
men-prostatic secretions
women-urethral secretions
urine flow-unidirectional
one way valve at urethral attachment to bladder
immune system fights off bacteria

Question 9

risk factors of UTI

Answer 9

catheters CAUTI
females
perineal irritation-incontinent
older age-nursing home
pregnancy
sexual activity (increase in females within first year)
urinary obstruction or reflex
immobility
incontinence x 2
decreased cognition
bad hygiene

Question 10

S/Sx UTI

Answer 10

utheritis
dysuria
can be asymptomatic
cystitis-frequency, urgency, suprapubic discomfort, hematuria

Question 11

atypical sx in children

Answer 11

fever, irritability
poor feeding, vomiting
diarrhea
i’ll appearance
old enough to verbalize

Question 12

atypical sx in elderly

Answer 12

anxiety
confusion, alt. LOC**
lethargy
anorexia
Hx falls

Question 13

overactive bladder

Answer 13

sudden urge to urinate
may experience urgency incontinence
increased frequency, >8/day
nocturia, wake up >2/night

Question 14

causes of overactive bladder

Answer 14

neuro disorders-stroke
DM, UTI
hormonal changes-menopause
tumors/stones within bladder area
obstructions

Question 15

incontinence

Answer 15

involuntary loss of urine

not normal with age BUT may be related to age related changes in structure of urinary tract

Question 16

what are the most common types of urinary incontinence

Answer 16

urgency
stress

Question 17

urgency incontinence

Answer 17

involuntary loss/leaks of urine immediately after a sudden sensation to urinate

Question 18

causes of urgency incontinence

Answer 18

Overactive detrusor muscle
increased with age
bladder infection
bladder outlet obstruction
CNS conditions
drugs-diuretics, alcohol

Question 19

stress incontinence

Answer 19

urine is involuntarily lost with increase in intraabdominal pressure

precipitated by effort or exertion (sneeze, cough)

Question 20

causes of stress incontinence

Answer 20

loss of pelvic floor muscles
loss of fascial support of bladder and urethra, changes angle and not closed

Question 21

risk factors of stress incontinence

Answer 21

age
obesity
childbirth related trauma
pelvic surgery

Question 22

mixed incontinence

Answer 22

combo of stress and urgency

common in older women

Question 23

overflow incontinence

Answer 23

bladder is too full

more common in men with enlarged prostate

Question 24

functional incontinence

Answer 24

physical and environmental limitations and an inability to get to toilet in time

Question 25

transient incontinence

Answer 25

sudden and reversible

often related to UTI, constipation or fecal impaction

Question 26

problems with incontinence

Answer 26

inflammation of skin
redness, itching, pain, swelling, blisters, dryness
skin vulnerable to bacteria and viral infections
damp skin-breeding for bacteria and fungi

Question 27

risk areas of skin related to incontinence

Answer 27

genitals
between buttocks
inner thighs