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NUR 325 > Fluids & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluids & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Body fluid function

A

transports nutrients and waste to ans from cells

acts as solvent

maintains body temp, digestion, elimination, acid-base balance and lubrication of joints

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2
Q

Fluid

A

WATER that contains dissolved or suspended substances

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3
Q

Intracellular

A

inside cell

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4
Q

Extracellular

A

outside cell

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5
Q

Intravasvular fluid

A

plasma in blood

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6
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

fluid between cells

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7
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water down concentration gradient

low to high solute by semipermeable membrane

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8
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from high to low concentration gradient

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9
Q

Colloid function

A

moves fluid from in between cells to blood

interstitial to intravascular

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10
Q

What labs are used to measure total protein levels?

A

albumin
globulin
fibrinogen

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11
Q

What trend does osmotic pressure have with age?

A

decreases with age and malnutrition

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12
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

force of fluid pushing AGAINST cell membrane or vessel wall

pushing fluid OUT of capillary

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13
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure generated by?

A

blood pressure

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14
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

pulls fluid INTO capillary

caused by plasma colloids in solution

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15
Q

Electrolyte

A

substances that are electrically charged within a solution

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16
Q

What does electrolyte concentration depend on?

A

electrolyte intake, absorption, distribution, and excretion

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17
Q

Anions

A

Cl
Bicarb
P

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18
Q

Cations

A

K
Na
Ca
Mg

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19
Q

Intracellular ions

A

K
Mg
P

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20
Q

Extracellular ions

A

Na
Cl
Bicarb

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21
Q

Normal Sodium lab levels

A

136-145 meq/L

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22
Q

Normal Potassium lab level

A

3.5-5.0 meq/L

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23
Q

Normal magnesium lab level

A

1.7-2.2 mg/dL

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24
Q

Normal calcium lab level

A

9-11 mg/dL

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25
Q

Normal phosphate lab level

A

3.2-4.3 mg/dL

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26
Q

Water follows ___

A

salt

salt sucks

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27
Q

Hyponatremia

A

low sodium

<136

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28
Q

Hypernatremia

A

high sodium

> 145

29
Q

Sodium function

A

activates nerve and muscle cells for ion movement for action potential

30
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

GI losses-diarrhea, vomit, NG suction, fistulas
Renal losses-diuretics, adrenal insufficiency
Skin losses-wounds drainage, burns
Fasting diets-polydipsia
Excess hypotonic fluid

31
Q

S/Sx of hyponatremia

A

confusion
altered LOC
anorexia
muscle weakness
seizures/coma

32
Q

Dilutional hyponatremia

A

too much fluid- hypervolemia

increased BP
weight gain
bounding rapid pulse

33
Q

Depletional hyponatremia

A

not enough fluid-hypovolemia

decreased BP
tachycardia
dry skin
weight loss

34
Q

Hyponatremia treatment

A

IV normal saline

oral or IV (slow)

fluid restriction

35
Q

Causes of Hypernatremia

A

IV fluids
tube feedings
excess sodium intake
not enough water
diarrhea
heat stroke
profound diuresis

36
Q

S/Sx of hypernatremia

A

altered LOC
confusion
seizure/coma
extreme thirst (hyperosmolality)
dry, sticky mucous
muscle cramps

37
Q

Hypernatremia Treatment

A

if water loss- add water and fluid
if sodium excess- remove sodium

over 48 hours

slow

38
Q

Hypokalemia

A

low potassium - <3.5

39
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

high potassium - >5.0

40
Q

Potassium Function

A

helps regulate cell excitability and electrical status

41
Q

What is the main source of potassium?

A

our diet

42
Q

What is the main source of potassium loss?

A

Kidneys

43
Q

Causes of hypokalemia

A

renal or GI losses
diarrhea
diuresis**
acid base disorders

44
Q

S/Sx of hypokalemia

A

cardiac rhythm disturbances
muscle weakness
legs cramps
decreased bowel motility

45
Q

Do we ever IV push potassium?

A

never

46
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A

decreased potassium output (renal failure-not peeing)
burns, crash injuries, sepsis

drugs-potassium sparing diuretics (ACE, ARBs, NSAIDs)

47
Q

S/Sx of hyperkalemia

A

cardiac rhythm disturbances
muscle weakness, cramps
abdominal cramping
D/V

48
Q

Magnesium function

A

helps stabilize cardiac and smooth muscles

49
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A

diuresis
GI or renal losses
limited intake-fasting/ starvation
alcohol abuse
hyperglycemia
pancreatitis

50
Q

S/Sx of hypomagnesemia

A

hyperactive reflexes
confusion
cramps
tremors
seizures
nystagmus

51
Q

Causes of Hypermagnesemia

A

increased intake of magnesium with renal failure
precamplsia - OB patients

52
Q

S/Sx of hypermagnesemia

A

lethargy
floppiness
muscle weakness
decreased reflexes
warm temp
decreased pulse and BP

53
Q

Calcium function

A

stability and strength in bones

contraction of smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles

nerve and muscle cells

54
Q

Causes of Hypocalcemia

A

hypoparathyroidism
hypomagnesemia
increased renal failure
acute pancreatitis
thyroid and parathyroid surgery

55
Q

Parasthesia

A

numbness, tingling

56
Q

S/Sx of hypocalcemia

A

Chrosteks- twitching of cheek
Trousseaus-carpal spasm in hand

57
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia

A

hyperparathyroidism
cancers

58
Q

S/Sx hypercalcemia

A

sedation
fatigue
lethargy
confusion
weakness
kidney stones

59
Q

Hypercalcemia Treatment

A

adequate hydration
increased urine output
diuretics and NaCl
dialysis

60
Q

What relationship does calcium and phosphorous have?

A

indirect: as Ca lowers, P increases
as P lowers, Ca increased

61
Q

Phosphorous function

A

bone formation

essential for ATP formation and enzymes

62
Q

Causes of hypophospatemia

A

decreased absorption oh phosphate
antacids overdose
severe diarrhea
increased kidney elimination
malnutrition
alcoholism

63
Q

S/Sx hypophosphatemia

A

tremors
parasthesias
confusion
seizure
muscle weakness
joint stiffness
bone pain

64
Q

Causes of hyperphospatemia

A

kidney failure
laxatives
heat stroke, massive trauma
hypoparathyroidism

65
Q

S/Sx of hyperphospatemia

A

usually asymptomatic
muscle spasms, parasthesia, tetany

66
Q

Hypophospatemia treatment

A

IV or oral replacement

67
Q

Hyperphospatemia treatment

A

treat cause
hemodialysis for renal failure

68
Q

Hypocalcemia Treatment

A

IV calcium
calcium chloride
calcium gluconate
oral calcium

NUR 325 (14 decks)

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