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biological psychology > vision > Flashcards

vision Flashcards

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1
Q

visual stimulus undergoes ___________ to become action potential in the brain.

sensation is action potential in the _________ while perception is __________ of that action potential by the nervous system.

A

transduction

brain; interpretation

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2
Q

environmental stimuli is

(A) perceived by process of _______________

and

(B) interpreted by process of _______________

A

sensation; perception

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3
Q

retina contains visual ____________ and _________________. it is embedded within the _______________________, which supports and maintain the ________________.

A

interneurons; photoreceptors; pigmented epithelium; photoreceptors

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4
Q

on optic disk

  • a source of _____________
  • ______________ of the optic nerve
  • no photoreceptors; ________________
A

blood supply
beginning
blindspot

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5
Q

which component of the eye is not covered by blood vessels?

A

macula

responsible for central vision, detailed sight, such as reading and recognizing faces

high concentration of photoreceptor cells, particularly cones, which are sensitive to color and fine detail

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6
Q

the fovea is in the _________ of the retina, and contains only ___________ in humans.

A

macula; cones (sensitive to color and fine detail)

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7
Q

retinal comes in 2 forms. what are they?

A

11-cis and all-trans

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8
Q

(a) 11-cis retinal + opsin = ___________, which (b) absorbs _______ and (c) breaks apart into ____________ + opsin.

this process is called_______________.

A

rhodopsin; light; all-trans retinal

bleaching

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9
Q

what are the 3 steps in bleaching?

A
  1. 11-cis retinal + opsin = rhodopsin
  2. rhodopsin absorbs light
  3. rhodopsin breaks into all-trans retinal + opsin
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10
Q

photoreceptor response in the dark:

cGMP produced by _______ keeps _______ channels open

____ ions enter cell

photoreceptors ____________

______________ release of glutamate

A

photoreceptor; NA+

NA+

depolarise

increased

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11
Q

In low light, photoreceptors are __________ and release ___________ neurotransmitters, while in bright light, they ____________ and release ___________ neurotransmitters.

A

depolarised; more; hyperpolarise; less

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12
Q

unlike all-or-none action potentials, photoreceptors produce __________ potential whereby the amount of ____________ release depends on ______ or ____________ of light.

A

graded; neurotransmitter; intensity; brightness

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13
Q

photoreceptor response in the presence of light:

_________ absorbs light and breaks apart into _________ and ________

enzymes are released to break down ______

NA+ channels _____ in the absence of _________

photoreceptor ___________

___________ release of glutamate

A

rhodopsin; all-trans retinal; opsin

cGMP

close; cGMP

hyperpolarise

decreased

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14
Q

what does the horizontal cells in the retina do?

A
  1. integrates signal from photoreceptors
  2. outputs graded potentials to bipolar cells
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15
Q

each bipolar cell has a _____ field. this field captures light signal from ________ which are directly and indirectly connected to the ______ cell. it also ______ graded potentials.

A

receptive; photoreceptors; bipolar; outputs

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16
Q

photoreceptors are also known as __ and _______. in the retina, it is mainly __________, with an especially high concentration in the __________.

A

rods; cones; cones; fovea

17
Q

photoreceptors are located near the ________ because:

  1. recycle the photopigment aka _________, which disintegrates upon contact with _________
  2. photoreceptors need constant ________ from the epithelium
  3. photoreceptors receive nutrients from the __________ just behind the epithelium
A

epithelium

rhodopsin; light

maintenance

choroid

18
Q

__________ cell axons exit each eye through the ________, forming an ________ leaving each eye.

A

ganglion; optic disk; optic nerve

19
Q

optic nerves partially cross at the ___________.

outer half remains on _________ side of the brain, inner half (near nose) travels __________ to other side of brain.

as optic nerves cross the optic chiasm, they become optic ______.

A

optic chiasm

ipsilateral (same side); contralaterally (opp sides)

tracts

20
Q

different cuts of the optic nerves/tracts results in different patterns of blindness.

One optic nerve:

Optic chiasm:

One optic tract:

A

One optic nerve: Blindness in one eye. **if right optic nerve cut, then right eye blind

Optic chiasm: Loss of peripheral vision in both eyes (bitemporal hemianopsia).

One optic tract: Loss of the same visual field in both eyes (homonymous hemianopsia). **If left optic tract is cut, the result is “right homonymous hemianopsia.” This means the individual will lose the right visual field in both the left and right eyes.

21
Q

do all optic nerves end up in the striate cortex?

A

no.

  • lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in thalamus (visual perception - critical hub that integrates and relays visual information to cortex)
  • superior colliculus (visual processing and the coordination of eye movements)
22
Q

how many layers does lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in thalamus have? what are they?

A

6

2 magnocellular layers

4 parvocellular layers

in between these layers - koniocellular layer (so 5 in total)

23
Q

what do the 2 magnocellular layers in LGN do?

A

receive input from parasol ganglion cell

contrast and motion processing

24
Q

what do the 4 parvocellular layers in LGN do?

A

receive input from midget ganglion cells

color processing

detailed vision

25
Q

what do the 5 koniocellular layers in LGN do?

A

receive input from small bistratified ganglion cells

color processing

26
Q

there are 3 kinds of cortical receptive fields. what are they?

A
  1. simple cortical cells
    - respond to position and orientation of light bars
  2. complex cortical cells
    - respond to orientation and movement (in a specific direction) of light bars
  3. end-stopped cells
    - simple + complex cortical cells
    - varies response depending of length of light bar within receptive field
    - boundaries detection
27
Q

bottom up processing vs top down processing

A

Bottom-Up Processing:
- Starts with sensory input, building up from the smallest pieces to form a complete perception
- essential for understanding new or complex stimuli

Top-Down Processing:
- Begins with existing knowledge and expectations, influencing how we perceive sensory information.
- crucial for recognizing familiar patterns and making sense of the world efficiently.

28
Q

what is CSF?

cats have higher __________ but lower ___________ than humans.

A

contrast sensitivity function - mapping of contrast thresholds over range of spatial frequencies (how finely divided gratings are)

contrast sensitivity; spatial frequency

29
Q

in CSF (constrast sensitivity function, humans have higher __________ but lower ___________ than cats.

A

spatial frequency; contrast sensitivity

30
Q

2 kinds of cues are responsible for depth perception. what are they?

A
  1. binocular cues - retinal disparity btwn left n right view
  2. monocular cues - perspective, texture/shading
31
Q

in binocular cues, ________ cells respond when both eyes are looking at the same object. _________ cells respond to slight differences in images seen by 2 eyes.

A

binocular; disparity-selective

32
Q

the way we see color, the perception of color, is under what theory?

A

trichromatic theory - strengths of signals detected by the 3 types of cones (red, green, blue) are interpreted by brain as a visible color

33
Q

why do green and red contrast highly with each other as compared to green and yellow?

A

pattern of cell responses are more similar between green and yellow than between green and red

34
Q

chromatic adaptation is the event that __________ result from ______________.

intense light strikes retina for extended time

cones for the color of light become _________ and ______ sensitive to that wavelength of light

after staring at red screen for a long time, white screen will be perceived as ___________ because the ________ red light can no longer cancel out green entirely

A

after images; photopigment bleaching

bleached; less

green; bleached

35
Q

why do infants prefer high contrast, colorful objects?

A

they have poor vision

36
Q

what are some age-related vision changes?

A
  1. presbyopia - old sight
    - slower adaptation to focal distance
    - hardening of lens
  2. slower adaptation to changes in light
  3. yellowing of lens
    - distort perception of green and blue
  4. smaller pupils
  5. less selectivity in cortical responses to visual stimuli
    - fewer cells specialise in detecting movement and orientation

biological psychology (9 decks)

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