non-visual sensation and perception Flashcards
pitch perception of more than 4khz is called?
pitch perception of less than 4khz is called?
tonotopic organisation (place theory)
temporal theory
what are the 3 chambers of the cochlear?
vestibular canal
tympanic canal
conchlear duct
vestibular canal is one of the 3 chambers in the ___ of our ears. it contains _____ which is similar to CSF, and is lined with ____.
cochlear; perilymph; Reissner’s
tympanic canal is one of the 3 chambers in the ___ of our ears. it contains _____ which is similar to CSF, and is lined with ____.
cochlear; perilymph; Basilar’s
which 2 canals in the cochlear contain perilymph?
vestibular and tympanic
besides tympanic and vestibular canals, there is one more chamber in the cochlear. what is it called?
it contains _____ which is high in ___ and low in ____, necessary for _____ of the ____.
it also contains the _____ which converts ____ into _____.
cochlear duct
endolymph; K+; NA+; depolarisation; auditory receptors
organ of corti (inner n outer hair cells); vibration; neural signals
does peak vibration location vary with different amplitudes?
no. peak vibration will be located at different sections of the basilar membrane depending on frequency (pitch)
how many auditory cortexes do we have?
2
primary auditory cortex (A1)
secondary auditory cortex (A2)
primary auditory cortex (A1) VS secondary auditory cortex (A2)
A1 columns respond to single frequencies
A2 is activated by complex stimuli, processes where and what of sound
what is tonotopic organisation
when does it work?
what can it be also called?
position/location of pitch processing neurons varies accordingly to preferred pitch
we use tonotopic organisation in perceiving pitch when the frequency is more than 4khz
place theory
what is temporal theory and when does it work?
position/location of pitch processing neurons do not vary accordingly to preferred pitch. instead, neural firing rate encodes the frequency of sound.
we use temporal theory in pitch perception when the frequency is less than 4khz.
in loudness perception, equal loudness contours depend on _____.
frequency
under equal loudness contours aka the Fletcher-Munson curves, lower frequncy sounds (ie. 20hz) have to be much ____ in ____ compared to human speech in order to be perceived as equally loud.
higher in db
under equal loudness contours aka the Fletcher-Munson curves, the range of human speech is ___hz to ____hz (frequency), and ___db (loudness).
80hz to 10000hz; 60db
a single neuron has a range of response of about ___ db. louder means ____ neural firing rate.
40; faster
what do multiple neurons with overlapping ranges of response enable us to detect?
sound intensity with a range of 130db
the 2 planes in localisation fo sound are ___ and ____.
horizontal plane; vertical plane
in localisation of sound, the horizontal plane compares 2 things which helps us determine ________:
1) ____ times of sounds at each ear, aka ____. this is detected by ____ in the ____ in our brainstem.
2) differences in sound ____ reaching each ear, aka ____.
where a sound is coming from
1) arrival, aka interaural time differences or ITD; binaural neurons; superior olive
2) intensity, aka interaural level differences or ILD
in localisation of sound, _____ between ___ path and ____ path enable vertical localisation.
what is the difference between sound from below and above?
delays; direct; reflected
sound from below produces a more delayed echo than sound from above.
what are the 3 causes of hearing impairment?
- age-related hearing impairment
- damage to outer/middle ear
- damage to inner ear, auditory pathways or auditory cortex
age-related hearing impairment:
poor blood ____ to ____, caused by _____ disease or _____.
exposure to ____
circulation; inner ear; cardiovascular; diabetes
loud noise
