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biological psychology > sleep & wake > Flashcards

sleep & wake Flashcards

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1
Q

what is another name for biorhythm?

A

circadian rhythm

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2
Q

where in the brain regulates circadian rhythm?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a small region in the hypothalamus

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3
Q

circadian rhythms are _______ and ____________ processes that occur at _____ intervals (roughly 24h) in response to internal, biological _________.

A

behaviours; physiological; regular; clocks

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4
Q

what is a zeitgeber? what are 2 examples?

A

stimulus that helps establish and maintain circadian rhythms.

eg. light, temp, social interactions, feeding time, activity

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5
Q

what are some central and peripheral outputs of circadian rhythms in response to zeitgebers? give 2 each.

A

central output (in the brain):
sleep-wake
release of hormones
temp regulation
cognitive performance

peripheral output (in various tissues throughout body):
immune system
digestive processes
metabolism
heart, liver, muscle, kidney, etc

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6
Q

the master clock of our body is known as what?

when is it the most active?

A

SCN - suprachiasmatic nucleus

during the day

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7
Q

At night, SCN activity _______ in response to _______, stimulating the _______ gland to secrete ___________.

During the day, SCN is _________ in response to ________, ________ the _________ gland so ________ levels of __________ is secreted.

A

increases; darkness; pineal; melatonin

deactivated; light; inhibiting; pineal; lower; melatonin

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8
Q

SCN responds most to _____ light and least to _____ light.

A

blue; red

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9
Q

what is the 2 process model of sleep? briefly describe each one.

A
  1. circadian process (C) - 24h bio clock signalling when to sleep and wake in response to light and darkness.
  2. homeostatic process (S) - buildup of adenosine and thus sleep pressure as you stay awake (wakefulness).
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10
Q

how does caffeine help us stay awake and alert by reducing the feeling of tiredness?

A
  • Adenosine promotes sleepiness by binding to receptors in the brain and building sleep pressure during wakefulness
  • Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist
  • binds to receptors but doesn’t activate them
  • blocks adenosine’s sleep-inducing effects
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11
Q

there are 2 kinds of misaligned sleep mentioned in the slides. what are they?

A
  1. shift maladaptation syndrome
  2. jet lag
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12
Q

what is shift maladaptation syndrome?

A
  • common among night shift workers
    -health, personality, mood, interpersonal problems
  • higher accident rates
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13
Q

what is jet lag?

A
  • conflict btwn external zeitgeber and internal clock
  • chronic jet lag impairs behavior and cognitive functions
  • worse when travelling east
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14
Q

in 1938, the mammoth cave experiment is an attempt to adapt circadian rhythm to a ____h day.

after 32x24h days outside and 27.4x28h days inside,

(a) who could adapt to the 28h day?

(b) who did not adapt well? how was his circadian rhythm like?

in 1972, michael siffre (33) stayed in the cave for 6 months to let his body decide when to ___ and _____. he eventually transitioned to a ___h cycle (____h sleep, ____h awake).

A

28

(a) younger bruce (25)

(b) older nathaniel (43). his circadian rhythm clung to a 24h cycle tightly.

sleep; eat; 48; 12; 36

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15
Q

polysomnography is used to measure __________. what components does it consist of? state just 3.

A

eeg - electroencephalogram (brain)
emg - electromyography (muscle)
eoc - electroocculogram (eye movement)
ecg - electrocardiogram (cardiac functions)
oral/nasal airflow pressure and temperature
chest and abdomen movement
oxygen saturation (via pulse oximetry)
transcutaneous CO2 (co2 levels in blood through skin)

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16
Q

theta waves are present in which stage(s) of sleep?

A

stage 1 and 2

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17
Q

sleep spindles and k-complexes are present in which stage(s) of sleep?

A

stage 2

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18
Q

muscle jerks aka myoclonia are present in which stage(s) of sleep?

A

stage 1

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19
Q

delta waves are present in which stage(s) of sleep?

A

stage 3

20
Q

in stage 3 of sleep, are the dream sequences short and emotionless or long and vivid? when then is the other one?

A

short and emotionless

long and vivid dreams - REM sleep

21
Q

muscle paralysis and high lvls of sympathetic nervous system activity occur in which stage of sleep?

A

REM

22
Q

as wavelengths increase, alertness ______.

A

decreases

23
Q

sleep spindles occur in stage ___ of sleep.

it has an 11-16 oscillary activity.

it is involved in consolidation of procedural and declarative _____________.

it correlates with ___.

sleep spindle deficits observed in patients with ____________, and linked to __________ deficits associated with the disorder.

A

2

memory

IQ

schizophrenia; cognitive

24
Q

K complex are large _____ waveforms amidst _____ rhythm in stage 2 of sleep cycle.

sentinental hypothesis:
(a) ________ sleep by preventing waking to ________ stimuli which do not present danger
(b) ____________ for disturbing effect of incoming stimuli by producing slow wave activity.

A

delta; theta

(a)protects; normal

(b)compensates

25
Q

what is POA?

what does it do in NREM sleep?
- manages _________
- receives input from ____________
- activation of POA _____________ wake-associated circuits
- absence of input/activity from wake-associated circuits leads to ____________ EEG waves and _______ activity of _________ neurons
- ______ default mode network (DMN) to reduce _______

**
When you’re awake, the DMN is active, contributing to a sense of self and awareness. In NREM sleep, this activity is suppressed, leading to a reduced level of conscious awareness and allowing for restorative processes in the brain and body. Essentially, your mind is less focused on thoughts and external stimuli, facilitating deeper sleep.

A

preoptic area within thalamus

sleep pressure
anterior raphe nuclei
inhibits
slower; synchronises; cortical
decouples; consciousness

26
Q

DMN comprises regions in the _______, ___________ and __________. It becomes active when you are ___________.

A

medial prefrontal cortex; posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus; angular gyrus; daydreaming

27
Q

on neural mechanisms of sleep, in preparation for REM cycle, activity in the _____________ and _________ decreases.

A

locus coeruleus; raphe nuclei

28
Q

on REM sleep,

locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei inhibit __________

_____ waves are linked to eye movements in REM
- EEG spikes in activity originating from P____
- activate lateral G_____ nucleus of thalamus
- trigger visual experiences by way of O________ cortex

very active = ?
very inactive = ?

both PGO waves and these changes in activation are linked to ________ and its content

dreams during REM __________ the DMN

A

pontine reticular formation

PGO
- pons
- geniculate
- occipital

active - V2, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex

inactive - frontal lobe

dreaming

activates

29
Q

what are the 3 main restorative effects of sleep?

A
  1. flush out toxins through CSF
  2. repair free radical-induced damage
  3. release growth hormone (GH) during NREM stage 3 to maintain bodily tissues and organs
30
Q

sleep flushes out toxins in the brain via the _____.

___________ (associated with ________) disappeared twice as quickly in the brains of mice that were asleep.

______ oscillations of CSF inflow to the brain appeared during _______ wave sleep.

A

CSF

beta-amyloid; Alzheimers

large; slow

31
Q

memories are ______ during sleep.

NREM sleep consolidates ___________ and ________ memories and REM sleep consolidates ____________ memories.

_________ enhancement of slow wave sleep via brain _____________ improves subsequent __________ learning ability.

A

consolidated

declarative; procedural; emotional

power; stimulation; hippocampal

32
Q

what are the 4 consequences of sleep deprivation?

A
  1. impaired attention and working memory
  2. impaired reward/incentive processing
  3. heightened aversive stimulus-response
  4. impaired memory and learning
33
Q

sleep deprivation causes impaired attention and working memory, where there is ________ task-related activation in the _______ network and intermittent intrusions of ______ activity during task engagement.

A

reduced; frontoparietal; DMN

34
Q

sleep deprivation causes impaired reward/incentive processing whereby downregulation of _____________ receptors leads to ___________ risk-taking. impaired __________ cortex’s ability to update changing vlaue or reward probability.

A

dopamine; increased; prefrontal

35
Q

sleep deprivation causes heightened aversive stimulus-response.

one night of sleep deprivation increases ______ reactivity to negative images by 60%.

activity in ________, ________(ACC) and anterior __________ become less sensitive to changing emotional valence

A

amygdala

amygdala; anterior cingulate cortex; insula

36
Q

what is the main purpose of naps?

A

to counteract the negative short and long term consequences of sleep debt

Sleep debt accumulates when you don’t get enough sleep over time, leading to cognitive and physical impairments. Napping offers a way to “pay back” some of that debt, helping to mitigate its impacts even if it doesn’t fully replace the need for longer, restorative sleep at night.

37
Q

the older we get the _____ often we nap, but the naps may be ______.

A

more; shorter

38
Q

onset insomnia vs maintenance insomnia

A

onset - difficulty falling asleep

maintenance - difficulty staying asleep

39
Q

what is restless leg syndrome

A

limb experiences tingling and moves at regular intervals

40
Q

who are more at risk of RLS

A

children and adults in ADHD

41
Q

narcolepsy is a sleep disorder

  • extreme levels of daytime ___________
  • sudden loss of muscle tone (REM paralysis occuring during ____________) aka ______________
  • REM paralysis can linger after awakening
  • __________(before sleep) and ___________ (after awakening) hallucinations where REM dreams occur at the wrong time
A

sleepiness
wakefulness; cataplexy
hypnogogic; hypnopompic

42
Q

what the 2 breathing related sleep disorders.

A

obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea

central sleep apnea

43
Q

hypopnea vs apnea

A

hypopnea - shallow breathing/low rate of breathing

apnea - breathing stops completely

44
Q

what is obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea

A

repetitive episodes of airflow reduction (hypopnea) or cessation (apnea) due to upper airway collapse during sleep

45
Q

obstructive sleep apnea vs central sleep apnea

A

obstructive sleep apnea - due to upper airway collapse (noisy)

central sleep apnea - due to deficit in brain activity that controls breathing (not noisy)

46
Q

REM sleep behaviour disorder involves the ________ of normal REM paralysis, allowing individuals to ___ ___ their dreams. Can cause injury and damage.

REM sleep behaviour disorder can be _________ or result of brain damage.

it accompanies or precedes many _________________ disorders, especially _______ disease.

A

absence; act out

inherited

neurodegenerative; Parkinson’s

biological psychology (9 decks)

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