neuropsychology

Question 1

which domains of neurocognition are under cognitive flexibility?

Answer 1

set-shifting
inhibition

Question 2

which domain of neurocognition is recognised as one fo the 6 components of neurocognitive function in DSM-5?

Answer 2

social cognition

Question 3

cognitive control network aka ___ and ____. it includes which 5 parts of the brain?

Answer 3

frontoparietal network; frontoparietal control network

includes:
PFC
inferior parietal lobe
middle cingulate gyrus
precuneus
inferior temporal lobe

Question 4

set-shifting is an aspect of ____ function. it is the ability to ___ between different ____ sets.

give one example.

Answer 4

executive; switch/alternate; response

when you switch from doing math prob to writing essay

Question 5

what is the wisconsin card sorting task used to measure?

Answer 5

set-shifting and cognitive flexibility

Question 6

wisconsin card sorting task procedure (4 steps)

Answer 6

1) match target card with one of the 4 cards on top

2) system tells you either wrong or correct

3) figure out matching rule (shape/numer/color) via trial and error

4) matching rule changes every 10 trials

Question 7

in wisconsin card sorting task, what do perseverative errors show?

Answer 7

perseverative errors - committing same error twice or more after rule changes in the wisconsin card sorting task

more perseverative errors - worse set-shirting ability

Question 8

how do the basal ganglia and insula contribute to the wisconsin card sorting task?

Answer 8

While the basal ganglia are focused on reward (putamen) and punishment (caudate nucleus) processing, the insula adds an emotional and physiological layer to that feedback, enhancing the individual’s ability to adapt their strategies based on a holistic understanding of their performance.

Question 9

another executive function is inhibiition. what does it do?

what test is used to measure inhibition?

Answer 9

surpress unwanted and dominant responses.

stroop test

Question 10

how does stroop test work?

Answer 10

measures inhibition

1) compare reaction time between congruent (ink color match word) and incongruent conditions (ink color dont match word) - interference effect

2) larger interference effect (incongruent-congruent) - worse inhibition ability

Question 11

3 aspects of attention are:

Answer 11

selective (focus on 1, ignore others)
divided (multitasking)
sustained (continuous focus)

Question 12

a test for sustained attention would be:

2 tests for selective attention would be:

a test for sustained attention would be:

Answer 12

sustained attention:
continuous performance task

selective attention:
flanker (middle arrow/color)
stroop (congruent/incongruent ink color with word)

divided attention:
trail making test
color trails test

Question 13

what are the tests to measure processing speed?

Answer 13

1. trail making test/color trails test (part A)
2. processing speed index of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Question 14

processing speed index of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) has 2 components. what?

Answer 14

1. coding - match numbers to corresponding symbols
2. symbol search - determine whether specific symbols appear in a group of symbols

Question 15

what is the main criticism of WAIS?

Answer 15

not a clean measure of processing speed as it requires other functions to work well:
visual scanning
visuospatial processing
motor control

Question 16

processing speed is strongly related to ___ matter microstructural _____ and structural __________.

Answer 16

white; integrity; connectivity

Question 17

what is the test used to measure social cognition?

Answer 17

frithe and happe’s shape test:

1) 12 video clips

2) after each clip, determine if:
i) no interaction between shapes
ii) physical interactions
iii) psychological social interactions

Question 18

treatment with largest gain?

Answer 18

noninvasive brain stimulation