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sexual behaviours Flashcards

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1
Q

sex hormones are __________ hormones derived from _________ and produced in the _________ and other organs.

A

steroids; cholesterol; gonads

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2
Q

what are male and female gonads?

A

testes; ovaries

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3
Q

what are the 2 effects of sex hormones?

A

organisation
activation

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4
Q

what is the organisation effect of sex hormones? is it permanent or reversible?

A

exposure to hormones masculinises or feminises the brain during crucial developmental periods.

organising effect is permanent.

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5
Q

what is the activation effect of sex hormones? is it permanent or reversible?

A

exposure to hormones influences behavior and physiology later in life. It is impt to secual behavior beginning at puberty.

It is reversible.

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6
Q

when do organisation effects of sex hormones take place?

A
  1. btwn gestational (pregnancy) wks 6 and 24
  2. during mini-puberty - 1st 6 mths for boys, 1st 2 yrs for girls
  3. during puberty
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7
Q

examples of activation effects of sex hormones.

A

increased aggression

courtship

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8
Q

which part of the brain manages the release of sex hromones?

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

hypothalamus manages release of sex hormones through secretion of what hormone?

A

GnRH

gonadotropin releasing hormone

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10
Q

the secretion of GnRH in the hypothalamus is modulated by what? and thus, fertility is timed according to what?

A

secretion of GnRH in the hypothalamus is modulated by melatonin (depends on light input)and thus, fertility is timed according to length of day

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11
Q

GnRH secreted in the __________ stimulates the release of 2 hormones, ____ and _________, by the _____________.

A

hypothalamus; luteinizing hormone (LH); follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); anterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

which of the hormones, LH or FSH,

(a) signal testes to release testosterone

(b) control menstrual cycle

(c) cause sperm to mature

(d) signal ovaries to release estrogen

A

(a) LH

(b) FSH and LH

(c) FSH and testosterone

(d) FSH

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13
Q

human females are slightly more sexually interested around ___________ period of the menstrual cycle.

which hormone is linked to female sexual desire?

A

ovulation (when ovaries release egg aka ovum)

estrogen

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14
Q

sexual frequency is closely correlated with testosterone levels. this is true for older or younger men?

A

older

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15
Q

young men’s testosterone levels are not strongly correlated with sexual frequency as long as it is ___________.

A

within normal limits

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16
Q

men in stable, long-term marriages have _____ testosterone levels than single, newly divorced men.

do men’s testosterone levels drop or rise after childbirth? what are the 2 reasons for this?

A

lower

drop
- low testosterone level more compatible with parenting and pair bonding
- protects male from detrimental effects of high testosterone on immune system

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17
Q
  1. testosterone levels increase/decrease in anticipation of competition.
  2. winners experience increase/decrease in testosterone level while losers experience increase/decrease.
  3. can merely observing a competition influence testosterone level?
A
  1. increase
  2. increase; decrease
  3. yes
18
Q

besides LH and FSH, what are another 2 sexually dimorphic pituitary hormones? are they higher in females or males?

A
  1. oxytocin is higher in females
  2. vasopressin is higher in males
19
Q

what is the pituitary hormone responsible for enhancing bonding? state 2 situations when it is released.

A

oxytocin

childbirth
breastfeeding
hugging
sex
petting milo

20
Q
  1. in the studying of brain and sexual behaviour, there was a meta-analysis of ___ studies with _______ participants.
  2. participants viewed which 2 stimuli during their MRI scan? what kind of MRI (f,s,d) scan was conducted?
  3. is there any significant difference in:

(a) whole brain level btwn 2 sexes

(b) heterosexual vs homosexual

(c) sex difference among homosexuals

A
  1. 61; 1850
  2. neutral & erotic; fMRI

3.

(a) no

(b) greater activation in left hemisphere of heterosexuals than homosexuals

(c) no

21
Q

in heterosexuals, both men and women have larger _____________ and _________ while homosexuals have larger ___________.

A

precentral gyrus; thalamus; putamen

22
Q

what is the concordance rates of homosexuality in males (fraternal and identical twins)?

**A high concordance rate means that if one twin has the trait, the other is likely to have it as well, indicating a potential genetic or shared environmental influence.

A

fraternal twins: 20-25%
identical twins: 50%

23
Q

females with ____________ have increased rates of homosexuality and bisexuality.

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

24
Q

CAH is _____________. It is a gene ________ resulting in __________ production of ___________ in __________ glands during ____ trimester of pregnancy.

it can happen in boys or girls or both?

what is the cause?

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); mutation; excess; testosterone; adrenal; 2nd

can happen in boys and girls
- more obvious in girls as they are more boyish

cause: increased prenatal exposure to androgen

25
Q

brain volume (both GM and WM) is larger in ______ than ______ by ____%, with larger variabilty in _______.

A

males; females; 11; males

26
Q

sex related differences peak around when?

A

adolescent to young adult

27
Q

what is the greater male variability hypothesis?

A

if one sex is relatively selective, then from one generation to the next, more variable subpopulations of the opposite sex will tend to prevail over those with lesser variability

28
Q

are females more selective of their mates than males?

A

yes

parent investment theory
- much greater female investing in mating and child rearing
- females need to be more cautious (neuroticism) and selective

29
Q

on sexual dimorphism in personality, females are higher in neuroticism. true or false? why?

A

true.

parent investment theory
- need to be more cautious (neurotic) and selective
- much more investment in mating n child rearing than males

30
Q

in the slides, state the theory under sexual dimorphism in personality.

A

empathizing-systemizing theory states that females are more empathetic and males are more systematic.

empathizing - recognize people’s mental states, respond with appropriate emotion

systemising - drive to analyse or build a rule-based system

31
Q

what are the 2 main areas concerning sexual dimorphism in cognition?

A

language-related abilities - females better

visuospatial abilities - males better

32
Q

who is the best at verbal fluency? male or female? straight or gay?

A

gays

33
Q

why do sex-related dimorphisms in brain, personality and cognition exist?

gender socialisation, evolution theories, parent investment theory

men are hunters in early societies
- need to ____________ across vast terrains
- need to use weapons that require ability to track _____________ in 3D space

social relations are relatively more important for the survival of _________ and their offspring
- in response to threat: males fight or flight, females ________
- greater ______ and better ________ abilities among females

A

navigate; movement

females; tend and befriend; empathy; language

34
Q

the sex of the brain (brain sex) can be measured the same way as ______________ using _________________, where the model is trained to recognise how male and female brains look like and then predict if someone’s brain is more female or male.

0=extreme female, 1=extreme male. thus 0.8 = brain with more male characteristics, more likely to be male.

A

brain age; machine learning

35
Q

what are 2 hormone related disorders of sex development?

A
  1. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
    - gene mutation resulting in excess production of teststerone in adrenal glands during 2nd trimester of pregnancy.
    - happens in both genders, more obv in girls.
    - cause: increased prenatal exposure to androgens
  2. androgen insensitivity syndrome
    - XY genotype (male) fetus lacks androgen receptors
    - feminised physical features and behaviors
36
Q

what is the prevalence of intersex conditions?

A

1.7%

37
Q

state the Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism

A

The Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism suggests that autism can be understood as an exaggeration of typical male cognitive traits.

38
Q

the extreme male brain fits which 2 criteria of DSM-V for ASD? which theory also supports this?

A
  1. deficits in social communication and interaction (empathising)
  2. repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities (systemising)

empathising-systemising theory

39
Q

autistic symptoms have been described as being the product of _______________.

A

extreme male brain

40
Q

the extreme male brain could be associated with autism, what about eztreme female brain showing hyper-empathising profile?

A

psychosis (disconnection from reality)
- paranoia
- mania (positive symptoms - excess/distortion of normal function)

41
Q

most research on extreme male/female brains relies on ______________ instead of studying the brain itself.

A

personality questionnaires

biological psychology (4 decks)

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