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emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

emotions are ____ states triggered by ___________ stimuli that provoke _________.

A

short-lived; external; action

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2
Q

feelings are _________ states triggered by __________ stimuli that promote ________.

A

brief; internal; conscious awareness of the situation

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3
Q

moods are ________ states influenced by _________ stimuli, shaping how we ______.

A

long-lasting; internal and external; process information

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4
Q

what are 3 theories of emotion?

A
  1. james-lange
  2. cannon-bard
  3. schachter-singer 2-factor
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5
Q

what is the james lange theory of emotion?

A

a person’s physical responses lead to identification of a subjective emotion

facial feedback hypothesis: facial expressions affect the way we feel

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6
Q

a person’s physical responses lead to identification of a subjective emotion

what does that mean?

A

perceived stimulus –> physical response —> emotion (subjective feeling)

we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble

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7
Q

what is the cannon bard theory of emotion?

A

subjective feelings and physical responses occur simultaneously and independently after perceived stimulus

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8
Q

which theory of emotion is the facial feedback hypothesis under?

A

james lange

**facial feedback hypothesis: facial expressions affect the way we feel

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9
Q

what is the schachter-singer 2-factor theory of emotion?

A

perceived stimulus causes general arousal —> assessment of surroundings –> subjective feeling

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10
Q

cognitive appraisal and labelling of subjective feelings occur in which theory of emotion?

A

schachter-singer 2-factor

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11
Q

what are the 4 major components of emotions?

A
  1. physical sensations (rapid heart rate)
  2. cognitive appraisal (it’s frightening)
  3. conscious, subjective feelings (scared)
  4. behavioural responses (run away)
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12
Q

what are the 2 dimensions of emotions?

A
  1. valence (happy-sad)
  2. arousal (calm-excited)
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13
Q

north south east west is to what in terms of the dimensions of emotions?

A

north - high arousal neutral affect
south - low arousal neutral affect
east - moderate arousal positive affect
west - moderate arousal negative affect

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14
Q

5 types of emotions with highest agreement?

A

disgust
anger
happiness
sadness
fear

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15
Q

3 moderately-endorsed emotions?

A

shame
surprise
embarrassment

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16
Q

there are 9 types of emotions that are less endorsed. name just 4 of them.

A

guilt
contempt
love
envy
awe
pain
compassion
pride
gratitude

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17
Q

according to charles darwin, what is the main benefit of emotion?

A

emotional expression evolved to enhance survival

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18
Q

according to charles darwin, what are the 3 adaptive advantages of emotion?

A
  1. contribute to general arousal to trigger behavioural response
  2. manage approach or withdrawal behaviours relative to particular environmental stimuli
  3. facilitate nonverbal comm
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19
Q

what is the survival/adaptive function of happiness?

A

motivates us to do things that lead to increased chances of survivial + reproduction

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20
Q

what is the survival/adaptive function of fear?

A

triggers flight/fight response, helping us to react quickly to threats, enhancing chances of survival in dangerous situations

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21
Q

what is the survival/adaptive function of disgust?

A

prevents ingestion, minimises exposure to pathogens

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22
Q

what is the survival/adaptive function of anger?

A

recalibrational theory of anger:

recalibrate individuals who undervalue welfare of angry person when making decisions

anger raises target’s welfare tradeoff ratio (WTR)

When people are aware of someone’s anger, they may adjust their decisions to account for the heightened WTR, leading to outcomes that are more favorable for the angry individual.

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23
Q

4 major research areas on emotions.

A

recognition/perception

appraisal

regulation

expression

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24
Q

what constitute emotional recognition/perception?

A

facial expressions
verbal cues
eyes
biological motion

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25
Q

what is the emotional biological motion task?

A

assess an individual’s ability to recognize emotions based on biological motion cues.

Participants typically view videos or animations of human figures moving in various ways and are asked to identify the emotional state being conveyed—such as happiness, sadness, anger, or fear—based on the movement patterns.

26
Q

what is emotion appraisal?

A

cognitive evaluation of events/situations

27
Q

what are the 5 cognitive dimensions in emotion appraisal?

whose theory is this under?

A
  1. motivational state (reward aka appetitve/punishment aka aversive)
  2. situational state (motive-consistent/inconsistent)
  3. agency (circumstance/self/others)
  4. probability (certain/uncertain)
  5. power (strong/weak)

roseman’s theory

28
Q

under smith and lazarus’ theory of emotional appraisal, what are the 3 main factors affecting appraisal?

A

motivational relevance (is it related to our plans, goals, concerns)

motivational congruence (hinder or progress goals)

accountability (self or others)

29
Q

in smith and lazarus’ emotional appraisal theory, what are the 4 emotions present?

A

pride
gratitude
guilt
anger

30
Q

rumination is a strategy of emotion __________, for _________ emotions. what is it?

A

regulation; negative

repeatedly thinking about situation and consequential feelings

31
Q

emotion expression is controlled by facial nerve which is ________.

it originates in 2 _____ located on either side of midline in the _____.

lower 2/3 of face receive input mainly from ____________ facial nerve.

upper third of face receives input from __________ facial nerves.

A

cranial nerve VII

facial nuclei; pons

contralateral

bilateral

32
Q

in emotion expression, facial nucleii receive input from 2 pathways. they are?

A

voluntary expression

spontaneous expression

33
Q

in emotion expression, facial nucleii receive input from 2 pathways. which one is from which part of the brain?

A

1) voluntary expression
primary motor cortex (part of precentral gyrus)

2) spontaneous expression
subcortical system (eg. basal ganglia)

34
Q

what is the effect on emotional expression when there is damage to the primary motor cortex?

A

subject unable to smile on command on the side of the mouth that is contralateral to the damage, but can smile spontaneously

35
Q

what are universal facial expressions?

A

basic emotions are expressed similarly across cultures

developmental timelines for emotional expression are consistent, where blind or sighted, regardless of circumstances

36
Q

emotional expression can be systematically studied using what method by who?

A

FACS - facial action coding system

by paul ekman

AU (action unit) + intensity rating A to E

37
Q

one biological correlate of emotion is lateralization. what is that?

A

left hemisphere - positive emotions + approach behaviour

right hemisphere - negative emotions + inhibition behaviour

38
Q

does any structure in the brain have control of any particular emotion?

A

no

39
Q

emotion is a result of ______ activation of multiple ______ systems.

A

simultaneous; cortico-subcortical

40
Q

what are the 3 biological correlates of emotion?

A

ANS

cortical areas

subcortical areas

41
Q

ANS is split into 2 parts. what are they? which one is high arousal, which one is low?

A

sympathetic - fight/flight (high arousal)

parasympathetic - rest/digest (low arousal)

42
Q

how does ANS differentiate btwn negative/positive emotions?

A

stronger ANS response in negative emotions

43
Q

is it easy to differentiate 2 positive or negative emotions in the ANS?

A

yes

happiness vs hope

anger vs fear

44
Q

the central structure of the emotional brain is ______.

A

amygdala

45
Q

damage to amydala affects the processing of __________.

reduced sensitivity of ___ region on faces - cannot tell emotions, difficulty in social interactions.

A

fear

eye

46
Q

are amygdalas of autists damaged?

A

no

atypical size, function, activity

47
Q

what are the 4 functions of amygdala?

A

fear recognition
threat detection
emotional appraisal
emotional regulation

48
Q

amygdala and basal ganglia are where in the brain?

A

subcortical

49
Q

what does basal ganglia do?

A

coordinate movement in response to emotional stimuli

50
Q

damage to primary motor cortex impacts ____ expression of emotions while damage to basal ganglia impacts _____expression of emotions.

A

voluntary; spontaneous

51
Q

parts of basal ganglia

A

striatum (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens)
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus (STN)

52
Q

which part of the basal ganglia is responsible for emotional appraisal ie, process and anticipate rewards, evaluate rewards info to elicit +ve emotions?

A

striatum (putamen, caudate, nucleus accumbens)

53
Q

which part of the basal ganglia is responsible for automatic arousal, emotional motor expression and subjective feeling?

A

STN

subthalamic nucleus

54
Q

where is the insula, ACC, and prefrontal cortex located in?

A

cortical region

55
Q

what is insula for?

A

interoception (sensation of internal physiological states)

emotional awareness - conscious experience of emotions (esp. in anterior insula)

basic emotional experience

56
Q

insula split into how many parts?

A

3 - posterior, mid, anterior

57
Q

the insula is an integrative interface of ___, ____ and ____.

it combines ______ sensations with info about ______ emotional stimuli to produce ______.

A

sensation, emotion, cognition

internal; external; global emotional moment

58
Q

what is the ACC for?

A

anterior cingulate cortex

emotional appraisal (esp. threat)
high activity in ppl with anxiety disorders

emotional regulation

59
Q

emotional regulation in ACC is associated with ___ more than ____.

A

valence; arousal

60
Q

TMS delivers magnetic impulses to ____ prefrontal cortex of brain, the area linked to depression, to stimulate nerve cells.

A

left

biological psychology (9 decks)

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