Viscera, thoracic wall and diaphragm

Question 1

What are the three layers of hollow viscera from inner to outer?

Answer 1

Mucosa

Muscularis

Serosa

Question 2

The ____ is the innermost layer of hollow viscera and may contain folds like rugae to increase surface area

Answer 2

Mucosa

Question 3

The serosa is an external layer which minimises friction against other organs and can be continuous with the ________

Answer 3

Mesentry

Question 4

Constrictions of tubular viscus can occur along its path but are usually at the beginning and end. The end of a hollow viscus is the _____ and _____ can lodge here.

Answer 4

Orifice

Calculi

Question 5

An anatomical sphincter comprises of localised _______ thickenings around the wall of tubular viscus.

Answer 5

Muscle

Question 6

Functional sphincters _____ ____ have localised muscular thickenings of the walls of a tubular viscus.

Answer 6

Do not

Question 7

_____ sphincters can be involuntary or voluntary and the first line of defence are the __________ sphincters

Answer 7

Anatomical

Involuntary

Question 8

Solid viscera tend to be secretory/excretory ______

Answer 8

glands

Question 9

Beneath the serosa, a solid viscus is protected by its ______

Answer 9

capsule

Question 10

Endocrine glands have ____ blood supply

Answer 10

rich

Question 11

Exocrine glands open into ______ viscera

Answer 11

hollow

Question 12

The _____ is both an exocrine and endocrine gland

Answer 12

pancreas

Question 13

The peritoneum is a single membrane of _____ membrane forming two layers that each line the body cavity and viscera

Answer 13

Serous

Question 14

The mesentry is the “stalk” of an organ and contains the ____ structures supplying the viscera

Answer 14

neurovascular

Question 15

While mesentry allow viscera to be mobile, they also endanger the viscera as they are prone to _____

Answer 15

torsion

Question 16

Referred pain arises from convergence of two inputs to the same neurons at a common _______ segment

Answer 16

spinal

Question 17

Paired viscera refer pain to skin on the _____ side

Answer 17

same

Question 18

As unpaired viscera develop in the ______ but migrate away, they refer pain back to there

Answer 18

midline

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

The thorax includes 12 ___ and 12 ___ and their intervertebral discs

Answer 20

pairs of ribs

thoracic vertebrae

Question 21

Which are the atypical ribs?

Answer 21

1-2, 10-12

Question 22

The vertebral/posterior end of a rib contains _____ of the features

Answer 22

majority

Question 23

The typical ribs are

Answer 23

3-9

Question 24

Answer 24

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 26

Answer 26

Question 27

Answer 27

Question 28

The ___ of a typical rib articulates with the ____ facet of the vertebra above, IV disc and the ___ facet of its own vertebra

Answer 28

Head Inferior Superior

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

The superior costotransverse ligament joins with the rib tubercle and the vertebral _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 30

transverse process

Question 31

The superior aperture of the thorax is bound by the _______ posteriorly, 1st pair of ribs and _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ laterally and the superior border of the \_\_\_\_

Answer 31

Vertebra T1 Costal cartilage Manubrium

Question 32

The superior aperture is covered by _______ membrane which is open in the centre

Answer 32

Suprapleural

Question 33

The inferior aperture is bound by the ____ process and costal margin anteriorly, the ____ \_\_\_\_ laterally and the ____ posteriorly and is covered by the diaphragm

Answer 33

xiphoid 11-12th pairs of ribs Vertebra T12

Question 34

The diaphragm's central tendon is special in that it does not have any _____ attachments

Answer 34

Bony

Question 35

The inferior attachment of the diaphragm are the ___ and the ___ one is longer as the dome is also higher on this side

Answer 35

crus right

Question 36

The right crus extends from L1-L\_ whereas the left crus extends from L1-L2 only

Answer 36

3

Question 37

The diaphragm attaches at the border of the ____ aperture

Answer 37

Inferior

Question 38

The ligaments which arise from posterior abdominal wall muscles which attach the diaphragm to the vertebra are called?

Answer 38

Arcuate ligaments

Question 39

The crura attach to the superior ____ vertebrae

Question 40

The IVC passes through the diaphragm at \_\_\_\_, the esophagus at ____ and the ____ at T12

Answer 40

T8 T10 Aorta

Question 41

The diaphragm is innervated by the left and right _____ nerve

Answer 41

Phrenic

Question 42

The holes in the diaphragm are ____ relative to the crura

Answer 42

posterior

Question 43

The external intercostal muscle fibre direction is _____ and becomes external intercostal membrane towards the midline

Answer 43

inferomedial

Question 44

The internal intercostal muscle fibres run ____ to the external intercostal fibres and point supramedial

Answer 44

perpendicular

Question 45

Internal intercostal muscles become internal intercostal membrane \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 45

posteriorly

Question 46

The external intercostal muscle fibres run inferomedially so that when they contract the rib cage is pulled apart for _____ to occur

Answer 46

Inspiration

Question 47

Internal intercostal muscles are only recruited during forced \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 47

expiration

Question 48

The innermost intercostal muscles do not have a _____ and well defined layer

Answer 48

continuous

Question 49

The neurovascular bundle of the intercostal muscles runs in the _____ \_\_\_\_\_ or in between the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ muscles and innermost intercostal muscles

Answer 49

intercostal space internal intercostal

Question 50

For the neurovascular bundle of the intercostal muscles, the artery is always _______ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 50

in the middle

Question 51

The ____ rami supplies the intercostal muscles and runs in the intercostal space between the innermost and internal intercostal muscles

Answer 51

Anterior

Question 52

Lateral branches of the anterior rami of T1-11 supply _____ and ________ of the thorax

Answer 52

Skin Subcutaneous tissue

Question 53

There are 11 paired ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on both the anterior and posterior thorax

Answer 53

Intercostal arteries

Question 54

The internal thoracic aorta is a branch of the aorta and further splits to become the ___________ intercostal arteries

Answer 54

Anterior

Question 55

\_\_\_\_\_ intercostal arteries arise directly from the ____ \_\_\_\_

Answer 55

Posterior Thoracic aorta

Question 56

The upper ribs (1-7) directly articulate with the sternum via their individual costal cartilage. The external intercostal muscles of these ribs control _____ movement of the thorax

Answer 56

Anteroposterior

Question 57

The lower ribs (8-10 which articulate via costal cartilage above) and their external intercostal muscles control the ____ dimension of the thoracic cage

Answer 57

Lateral