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Anat20006 > Form and function and nervous system > Flashcards

Form and function and nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What derives from ectoderm?

A

Skin

Nerve cells

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerve fibres

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2
Q

Mesoderm derivatives?

A

Dermis of skin

Muscle

Connective tissue

Serous membrane

Vessels

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3
Q

Endoderm derivatives?

A

Epithelium of gut

respiratory tract

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4
Q

What phylum do humans belong to?

A

Chordates hollow neural tube on dorsal side formed by folding of neural plate

notochord derived from mesoderm

Pharyngeal pouches

Segmentation of somites from mesoderm

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5
Q

What superphylum do humans belong to?

A

Coelomates

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6
Q

What characterises chordates?

A

neural tube formed by folding of neural plate

notochord

Pharyngeal pouches

Segmentation of somites

Polarity - dermatomes

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7
Q

What characterises coelomates?

A

fluid filled segmented coelom

gut tube open to the external environment in the coelom

3 germ layers

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8
Q

What subphylum do humans belong to?

A

Vertebrates

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9
Q

What characterises vertebrates?

A

Spine, skull, skeleton

Skeleton encloses viscera

Spinal cords and nerves

4 limbs with 5 digits on each (pentadactyl)

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10
Q

What class do humans belong to?

A

Mammalia

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11
Q

What characterises mammals?

A

Mammary glands formed from ectoderm embedded in mesoderm

sweat and sebaceous glands

placenta

warm blooded

large forebrain

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12
Q

What order do humans belong to?

A

Primates

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13
Q

What characterises primates?

A

Binocular vision

opposable thumb

freedom of arms from arboreal ancestry

nails rather than claws

clavicle

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14
Q

What family do humans belong to?

A

Hominidae

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15
Q

What characterises hominids?

A

Lack of tail

Larger body size

more upright posture

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16
Q

What species do humans belong to?

A

Homosapiens

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17
Q

What characterises homosapiens?

A

Upright posture

non-opposable big toe

line of gravity between feet

S-shaped spine

Bipedal locomotion

Speech

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18
Q

What comprises the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

What comprises the PNS

A

Nerves connecting from the CNS to the body

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20
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater - outer

Arachnoid mater - middle

Pia mater - inner

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21
Q

Where is CSF found?

A

Subarachnoid space

Superior sagittal sinus

Ventricles

Venous channels in the cranial cavity

Central canal

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22
Q

Where is CSF produced

A

The choroid plexus in the ventricles

23
Q

What cells make up myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes in the PNS

Schwann cells in the CNS

24
Q

Ventral roots control?

A

Motor function

25
Dorsal roots control?
Sensory information
26
What parts of a neuron make up grey matter?
Cell bodies Dendrites Short axons Grey matter
27
What makes up white matter?
Myelinated axons formed by glia
28
How many segments does the spinal cord have?
31
29
What are the three parts of the brainstem from rostral to caudal?
Midbrain Pons Medulla
30
What derives from the neural crest?
Pia mater and arachnoid mater Ganglia Schwann cells Sensory neurons in the PNS
31
How many cervical nerves are there?
8
32
How many thoracic nerves are there?
12
33
How many lumbar nerves are there?
5
34
How many sacral nerves are there?
5
35
How many coccygeal nerves are there?
1
36
How many specialised cranial nerves are there?
12
37
What conveys sympathetic and parasympathetic visceral efferent fibres?
The anterior roots
38
What do grey rami convey?
Post-ganglionic sympathetic efferent fibres
39
What do white rami convey?
Pre-ganglionic sympathetic visceral efferents from the anterior root Non-synapsing visceral afferent fibres to the posterior root
40
What is a dermatome?
A patch of skin innervated by a single spinal root
41
What is a myotome?
A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal root
42
What are some effects under sympathetic control?
Urination Dilation of pupils Increase of heart rate Ejaculation
43
Where are parasympathetic nerves located?
Preganglionic neurons - Brainstem or S2,3,4 Postganglionic - Close to target organs or in organs (thus short postganglionic axons)
44
What is the output of the sympathetic autonomic system?
Fight or flight response
45
Epidural hematoma Dura peeled off skull Arterial blood between skull and dura
46
Subdural hematoma Dura still attached Venous blood filling inside of dura Directly compressing brain
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Anat20006 (11 decks)

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