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Anat20006 > Form and function and nervous system > Flashcards

Form and function and nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What derives from ectoderm?

A

Skin

Nerve cells

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerve fibres

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2
Q

Mesoderm derivatives?

A

Dermis of skin

Muscle

Connective tissue

Serous membrane

Vessels

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3
Q

Endoderm derivatives?

A

Epithelium of gut

respiratory tract

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4
Q

What phylum do humans belong to?

A

Chordates hollow neural tube on dorsal side formed by folding of neural plate

notochord derived from mesoderm

Pharyngeal pouches

Segmentation of somites from mesoderm

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5
Q

What superphylum do humans belong to?

A

Coelomates

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6
Q

What characterises chordates?

A

neural tube formed by folding of neural plate

notochord

Pharyngeal pouches

Segmentation of somites

Polarity - dermatomes

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7
Q

What characterises coelomates?

A

fluid filled segmented coelom

gut tube open to the external environment in the coelom

3 germ layers

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8
Q

What subphylum do humans belong to?

A

Vertebrates

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9
Q

What characterises vertebrates?

A

Spine, skull, skeleton

Skeleton encloses viscera

Spinal cords and nerves

4 limbs with 5 digits on each (pentadactyl)

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10
Q

What class do humans belong to?

A

Mammalia

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11
Q

What characterises mammals?

A

Mammary glands formed from ectoderm embedded in mesoderm

sweat and sebaceous glands

placenta

warm blooded

large forebrain

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12
Q

What order do humans belong to?

A

Primates

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13
Q

What characterises primates?

A

Binocular vision

opposable thumb

freedom of arms from arboreal ancestry

nails rather than claws

clavicle

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14
Q

What family do humans belong to?

A

Hominidae

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15
Q

What characterises hominids?

A

Lack of tail

Larger body size

more upright posture

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16
Q

What species do humans belong to?

A

Homosapiens

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17
Q

What characterises homosapiens?

A

Upright posture

non-opposable big toe

line of gravity between feet

S-shaped spine

Bipedal locomotion

Speech

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18
Q

What comprises the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

What comprises the PNS

A

Nerves connecting from the CNS to the body

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20
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater - outer

Arachnoid mater - middle

Pia mater - inner

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21
Q

Where is CSF found?

A

Subarachnoid space

Superior sagittal sinus

Ventricles

Venous channels in the cranial cavity

Central canal

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22
Q

Where is CSF produced

A

The choroid plexus in the ventricles

23
Q

What cells make up myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes in the PNS

Schwann cells in the CNS

24
Q

Ventral roots control?

A

Motor function

25
Q

Dorsal roots control?

A

Sensory information

26
Q

What parts of a neuron make up grey matter?

A

Cell bodies

Dendrites

Short axons

Grey matter

27
Q

What makes up white matter?

A

Myelinated axons formed by glia

28
Q

How many segments does the spinal cord have?

A

31

29
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem from rostral to caudal?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

30
Q

What derives from the neural crest?

A

Pia mater and arachnoid mater

Ganglia

Schwann cells

Sensory neurons in the PNS

31
Q

How many cervical nerves are there?

A

8

32
Q

How many thoracic nerves are there?

A

12

33
Q

How many lumbar nerves are there?

A

5

34
Q

How many sacral nerves are there?

A

5

35
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1

36
Q

How many specialised cranial nerves are there?

A

12

37
Q

What conveys sympathetic and parasympathetic visceral efferent fibres?

A

The anterior roots

38
Q

What do grey rami convey?

A

Post-ganglionic sympathetic efferent fibres

39
Q

What do white rami convey?

A

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic visceral efferents from the anterior root

Non-synapsing visceral afferent fibres to the posterior root

40
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A patch of skin innervated by a single spinal root

41
Q

What is a myotome?

A

A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal root

42
Q

What are some effects under sympathetic control?

A

Urination

Dilation of pupils

Increase of heart rate

Ejaculation

43
Q

Where are parasympathetic nerves located?

A

Preganglionic neurons - Brainstem or S2,3,4

Postganglionic - Close to target organs or in organs (thus short postganglionic axons)

44
Q

What is the output of the sympathetic autonomic system?

A

Fight or flight response

45
Q
A

Epidural hematoma

Dura peeled off skull

Arterial blood between skull and dura

46
Q
A

Subdural hematoma

Dura still attached

Venous blood filling inside of dura

Directly compressing brain

47
Q
A
48
Q
A
49
Q
A
50
Q
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51
Q
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52
Q
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53
Q
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54
Q
A

Anat20006 (11 decks)

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