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Anat20006 > Systems > Flashcards

Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton components?

A

Thoracic cage

Skull

Spine

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2
Q

Appendicular skeleton components?

A

Pectoral and Pelvic girdle including the clavicle

Upper and lower limb bones

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3
Q

What are features of long bones?

What are some long bones?

A

Medulla cavity

Compact bone outer lining

spongy inner in epiphysis

grow by endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate

Tibula, fibula, humerus, radius, clavicle, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

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4
Q

What characterises short bones

A

Their cuboid shape

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5
Q

What are some short bones?

A

Carpals and tarsals

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6
Q

What flat bones are there and what are their features?

A

The skull, sternum, rib cage, scapula

They perform the majority of haematopoiesis and protect viscera

They do not have a medulla cavity

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7
Q

Irregular bone examples?

A

Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, mandible

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8
Q

What are sesamoid bones? What is their function?

A

Bones that are embedded in tendon or muscle

allow a smooth surface for tendons to slide over

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9
Q

What are the types of bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts - bone producing

Osteoclasts - bone dissolving

Osteocytes

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10
Q

What are the three segments of a long bone?

A

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11
Q

What is the periosteum and its functions?

A

Outer lining of bone

Highly innvervated and proprioceptive

Highly vascular and supplies the bone’s blood

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12
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Inner membrane lining of the bone made of connective tissue

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13
Q

Which direction does the nutrient foramen face?

A

Away from the growing end of the bone

The growing end of the bone is the faster growing end

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14
Q

What kinds of ossification are there?

A

Endochondral and intramembranous

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15
Q

Describe ossification at the primary centre

A

Hyaline cartilage model replaced by bone

Occurs in the diaphysis and grows outwards

Occurs in week 8 in utero

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16
Q

What types of bone are there?

A

Cortical/compact bone - resists dynamic forces

Spongy/diploe/trabecular bone - made up of air filled bubbles called trabeculae - resists static forces

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17
Q

Describe ossification at the secondary centre

A

The epiphyseal artery invades the epiphysis

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts brought to epiphysis

Cartilage at epiphyseal plate replaced by bone

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18
Q

What are pressure epiphysis associated with?

A

Joints

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19
Q

What are traction epiphyses associated with?

A

Tendons and ligaments

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20
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found and what properties does it have?

A

On articular surfaces

Aneural and avascular

Glossy and smooth

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21
Q

What structures are fibrocartilage part of and what are their properties?

A

Discs, menisci, labrum

It is dense and has irregular collagen fibres

made of both cartilage and fibrous tissue

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22
Q

What structures are made of elastic cartilage?

A

The external ear, parts of the larynx and the epiglottis

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23
Q

What other arteries supply a long bone other than the nutrient artery?

What other vessels accompany these arteries?

A

Periosteal, metaphyseal, epiphyseal

Lymph vessels

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24
Q

When does anastamoses occur between the end arteries of the epiphysis and the metaphysis?

A

When the epiphyseal growth plate closes

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27
What is a greenstick fracture?
Bone broken by bending in children
28
What are the kinds of fibrous joints?
Suture Syndesmosis Gomphosis
29
What is a syndesmosis joint?
Fibrous tissue joining two long bones
30
What is a primary cartilaginous joint?
Hyaline cartilage btween bones (articular surface) Hyaline cartilage which disappears during development (epiphyseal plate)
31
What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?
Fibrocartilage between hyaline cartilage usually in the midline (interverterbral disc)
32
What characterises synovial joints?
fibrous joint capsule Synovial fluid Synovial membrane Extensive movement Joint cavity
33
What are the uniaxial synovial joints?
Plane Hinge Pivot
34
What are the bi-axial synovial joints?
Condylar Saddle
35
What characterises a complex synovial joint?
Subdivision of joint cavity Fibrocartilaginous disc Incomplete menisci Allows greater ROM but retains stability
36
What does synovial membrane line?
Non-articular surfaces
37
What are features of a fibrous capsule?
Intrinsic ligament thickenings Highly innervated (proprioceptive) Poorly vascularised
38
What are features of synovial membrane?
Secretion of synovial fluid Highly vascular
39
What is effusion of synovial membrane?
Irritation of synovial membrane Excess synovial fluid secretion
40
What is haemarthrosis?
Tearing of synovial membrane Bleeding into joint cavity
41
What is the function of collateral ligaments at hinge joints?
To prevent lateral movement
42
[![]() ](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/157/117/552/q_image_card.png?1441071465)
43
What are ligaments composed of?
Dense collagen fibres (fibrous connective tissue) Resists tension
44
What is an avulsion fracture?
Ligament tearing bone away from bone
45
What percentage of fibres are disrupted in a type II ligament injury?
50%
46
What is the intracapsular tendon?
Tendon extending from inside of capsule to the outside Stabilises joint
47
What is the purpose of a bursae
cushion for joints reduce friction between bones Filled with synovial fluid
48
What purpose do fat pads serve?
Shock absorbing Spread synovial fluid
49
what separates subluxation and dislocation
Subluxation is partial dislocation
50
What are the three layer of skin and their derivations?
Epidermis - ectoderm Dermis - mesoderm Hypodermis - mesoderm
51
What are the layers of epidermis?
Top - Stratum corneum (Keratinocytes, melanocytes) Bottom - Stratum basalis (Basal cells)
52
What are the connective layers of the dermis?
Papillary - Epidermis to dermis Reticular - Dermis to hypodermis
53
What does the dermis contain?
Blood vessels Sweat glands Sebaceous glands Hair follicles/muscular tissue Sensory nerve endings
54
What are other names for the hypodermis?
Subcutaneous tissue Superficial fascia (contains fat)
55
What direction does skin run in relation to muscle?
Perpendicular
56
What skin does not contain hair follicles and sebaceous glands?
Thick skin (in the palm and sole of foot)
57
What does the pilosebaceous gland include?
Arrector pili muscle Hair and hair follicle Sebaceous gland
58
What are the kinds of sweat glands?
Sudoriferous (water) Odoriferous (smell) Sebaceous (oil) Ceruminous (ear wax) Mammary (milk)
59
Which layer of skin is highly vascularised and innervated? Which is not?
Epidermis avascular and aneural Dermis highly innvervated and vascularised
60
What kinds of sensory nerves are in the dermis?
Mechanoreceptors Nociceptors (pain)
61
What are the visceral (Efferent) sympathetic nerves in the dermis?
Vasomotor (vessel dilation) Sudomotor (sweat producing) Pilomotor (hair erecting)
62
What segment of a limb plexus innervates the distal segment of a limb?
The middle segment
63
What covers the outside of the muscle and eventually becomes tendon?
Epimysium
64
What covers the muscle fascicle?
Perimysium
65
What covers groups of muscle fibres?
Endomysium
66
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73
Where are resistance, fulcrum and effort in a first order lever?
[![]()](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/157/271/904/a_image_thumb.png?1441168384) Fulcrum centred
74
[![]()](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/157/272/549/q_image_thumb.png?1441168492)
Second order lever (wheelbarrow setup) provides power
75
Where are resistance, fulcrum and effort in a third order lever?
[![]()](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/157/272/550/a_image_thumb.png?1441168555) These provide rapid movement at the expense of power
76
What form of skeletal muscle gives most power?
Oblique (multipennate muscles)
77
What is an avascular structure derived from mesoderm?
Articular cartilage
78
What are the three tunics of vessels and their composition?
Intima - endothelium Media - smooth muscle adventitia - fibrous tissue
79
Where are the elastic fibres in an artery?
In the media
80
What kinds of arteries are there?
Elastic (closest to the heart, maintain constant pressure with pulse) Muscular (Highly muscular and branched)
81
What are properties of arterioles?
Thick walls but small lumen Innervated by sympathetic NS specifically vasomotor nerve fibres Tonus of arterioles determines blood pressure
82
What does anastomoses accomplish?
Peripheral circulation around main artery which can be compressed
83
What is a thrombus and embolus?
A thrombus is a blood clot An embolus is when a thrombus fully blocks a vessel
84
What are perforating veins?
Veins which connect superficial veins to deep veins
85
What is the function of venae comitantes
To facilitate heat exchange between veins and arteries Two cooler blood veins wrap around a warm blood artery Found in the limbs
86
How does blood flow against gravity?
Musculovenous pump Thoracic pump
87
What does loss of elasticity in perforating veins lead to?
Loss of ability to move blood into deep vein Varicosed veins
88
What encounters and filters lymph first?
Sentinal lymph nodes
89
What is the order of drainage of lymph?
Lymph capillaries, lymphatics, lymph trunks, lymph duct
90
What area drains to the thoracic duct?
All of the body except the upper right quadrant
91
What drains into the right lymphatic duct?
Upper right quadrant
92
How many lymph nodes does lymph drain before reaching the venous system?
At least one
93
[![]()](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/157/294/292/q_image_thumb.png?1441182170)
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94
Where else other than lymph nodes can lymphoid tissue be found?
Thumus Spleen Tonsils Peyer's patches (mucosa of GIT)
95
Which tunic(s) of vessels receive their own blood supply?
Media and adventitia
96
How does the intima receive nutrients?
Through diffusion

Anat20006 (11 decks)

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