Systems Flashcards
Appendicular skeleton components?
What are features of long bones?
What are some long bones?
Medulla cavity
Compact bone outer lining
spongy inner in epiphysis
grow by endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate
Tibula, fibula, humerus, radius, clavicle, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
What characterises short bones
Their cuboid shape
What are some short bones?
Carpals and tarsals
What flat bones are there and what are their features?
The skull, sternum, rib cage, scapula
They perform the majority of haematopoiesis and protect viscera
They do not have a medulla cavity
Irregular bone examples?
Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, mandible
What are sesamoid bones? What is their function?
Bones that are embedded in tendon or muscle
allow a smooth surface for tendons to slide over
What are the types of bone cells?
Osteoblasts - bone producing
Osteoclasts - bone dissolving
Osteocytes
What is the periosteum and its functions?
Outer lining of bone
Highly innvervated and proprioceptive
Highly vascular and supplies the bone’s blood
What is the endosteum?
Inner membrane lining of the bone made of connective tissue
Which direction does the nutrient foramen face?
Away from the growing end of the bone
The growing end of the bone is the faster growing end
What kinds of ossification are there?
Endochondral and intramembranous
Describe ossification at the primary centre
Hyaline cartilage model replaced by bone
Occurs in the diaphysis and grows outwards
Occurs in week 8 in utero
What types of bone are there?
Cortical/compact bone - resists dynamic forces
Spongy/diploe/trabecular bone - made up of air filled bubbles called trabeculae - resists static forces
Describe ossification at the secondary centre
The epiphyseal artery invades the epiphysis
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts brought to epiphysis
Cartilage at epiphyseal plate replaced by bone
What are pressure epiphysis associated with?
Joints
What are traction epiphyses associated with?
Tendons and ligaments
Where can hyaline cartilage be found and what properties does it have?
On articular surfaces
Aneural and avascular
Glossy and smooth
What structures are fibrocartilage part of and what are their properties?
Discs, menisci, labrum
It is dense and has irregular collagen fibres
made of both cartilage and fibrous tissue
What structures are made of elastic cartilage?
The external ear, parts of the larynx and the epiglottis
What other arteries supply a long bone other than the nutrient artery?
What other vessels accompany these arteries?
Periosteal, metaphyseal, epiphyseal
Lymph vessels
When does anastamoses occur between the end arteries of the epiphysis and the metaphysis?
When the epiphyseal growth plate closes
























