Viruses And Bacterias Flashcards
COXSACKIE A
RNA Virus
Herpangina
Hand, Foot, and Mouth disease.
What is the most common bacteria in the mouth?
While the abundance of bacterial species found in orodental infections is estimated at around 350
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Actinomyces naeslundii
Spirochete Treponema denticola
are three of the more common bacteria.
3 rappers!
P.Gin
Actin’ Naesii
Spiro T-Den-Cola
T/F
Infants born via C-section are colonized by S Mutans earlier than infants born vaginally?
True.
Vaginal delivery plays an important role in acquisition of the oral biome.
What is the first Bacteria to colonize in the mouth of a newborn?
S. EPIDERMIS
first microorganism to colonize newborn’s oral cavity between 10 min and 8 h (30.7%) after birth, and the counts of this microorganism increased by approximately 90% after 53 h of neonatal life.
Bacteria found in ECC?
Streptococcus mutans. (S. Mutans)
Streptococcus sobrinus.
Lactobacillus.
The main bacteria responsible for dental caries.
ECC has been shown to be a very common, TRANSMISSIBLE bacterial infection, usually passed from the primary caregiver to the child.
Streptococcus Sobrinus.
+🛑
Role in Oral flora?
STREPTOCOCCUS SOBRINUS
——————————————
GRAM-POSITIVE, catalase-negative, NON-MOTILE, and ANAEROBIC
+ 🛑
S. sobrinus is also affiliated with early childhood caries, ECC.
Children generally acquire S. sobrinus strains from their MOTHER, but the relatively high consumption of sugars by minors facilitates bacterial growth and threatens the onset of early childhood tooth decay.
Porphyromonas Gingivalis.
“P.Gin”
-🛑 🏋️♂️
Role and location in oral flora
PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS
———————————————
-phylum Bacteroidetes and is a NON-MOTILE, Gram-NEGATIVE, ROD-shaped, ANAEROBIC, pathogenic bacterium. It forms BLACK colonies on blood agar.
-🛑
implicated in PERIODONTAL DISEASE.
- COLLAGEN DEGRADATION observed in chronic periodontal disease results in part from the collagenase enzymes of this species.
- can invade human gingival fibroblasts and can SURVIVE 🏋️♂️ in the presence of antibiotics.
“P. gingivalis is his name,
Collagen destruction is his game…”
Treponema denticola
“Spiro’T-Den Cola”
- ⛷♥️
Role and location in oral flora
TREPONEMA DENTICOLA
————————————
Gram-NEGATIVE, obligate ANAEROBIC, MOTILE and highly proteolytic SPIROCHETE bacterium.
- ⛷
SUBGINGIVAL oral spirochete has been associated with many PERIODONTAL DISEASE conditions such as: the early stage of periodontitis, acute PEROCORINITUS , as well as necrotising ulcerative gingivitis NUG.
The TOXIC products of treponema denticola may damage the surface lining periodontal cells making them more prone to damage as well as LYSIS.
Treponema denticola ATTACHES to FIBROBLASTS and EPITHELIAL cells
- can penetrate gingival tissues and circulate through blood vessels, with opportunity to invade the HEART ❤️ and CARDIOVASCULAR epithelium in medium to large arteries – including aorta, coronary and carotid arteries
- a potential etiological bacterial agent for ORAL CANCER. It encourages ONCOGENESIS
What three bacteria that form
THE RED COMPLEX? 🚩
RED COMPLEX🚩
———————
The red complex is a group of bacteria that are categorized together based on their association with SEVERE FORMS of PERIODONTAL DISEASE.
- Porphyromonas gingivalis “P.Gin”
- Tannerella forsythia “T-Force”
- Treponema denticola “Spiro T-Den Cola”
4 ♦️
Things required for Dental Caries
🦷 🦠 🍭 🕒
Four ♦️ things are required for caries formation:
- TOOTH 🦷 surface (enamel or dentin) DUH
- caries-causing BACTERIA🦠
- fermentable CARBOHYDRATES 🍭
- TIME 🕒
🦷🦠🍭🕒
What is the bacterial shift as Caries progresses?
The MOST COMMOM bacteria associated with DENTAL CARIES are prominently,
- Streptococcus Mutans
- Streptococcus Sobrinus
- Lactobacilli.
These organisms can produce high levels of LACTIC ACID following FERMENTATION of dietary sugars and are resistant to the adverse effects of low pH.
However, cariogenic bacteria are present in dental plaque, but they are usually in TOO LOW CONCENTRATIONS to cause problems UNLESS there is a SHIFT in the balance.
**As the CEMENTUM of root surfaces is more easily demineralized than enamel surfaces, a WIDER VARIETY of BACTERIA can cause root caries, including **
- Lactobacillus acidophilus
- Actinomyces spp
- Nocardia spp
- Streptococcus mutans.
Bacteria collect around the teeth and gums in a sticky, creamy-coloured mass called plaque, which serves as a biofilm
HPV 2, 6 and 11?
What is another name?
Oral FIndings?
What should be suspected?
CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM
ORAL condylomas are associated with HPV 2, 6, and 11
condyloma acuminatum lesions are found in the GENITAL AREAS and are considered a sexually transmitted disease, STD.
Clinically, these lesions are similar in appearance to papillomas but are usually LARGER in size and are MORE CLUSTERED. Also, condylomas are known to be MORE DIFFUSE and DEEPLY ROOTED then papillomas.
These lesions are most commonly found on the LABIAL MUCOSA, SOFT PALATE , and LINGUAL FRENUM.
Condylomas arise through oral sex as well as by autoinoculation or as a result of maternal transmission. Most often, condylomas in the oral cavity are related to oral-genital contact.
When these lesions are diagnosed in CHILDREN, the examining clinician should be aware that their presence may be an indication of SEXUAL ABUSE, and the appropriate authorities should be notified.
Suffix “-ITIS“ means?
Suffix meaning INFLAMMATION
Eg: GingivITIS, BronchITIS, KeratITIS
Suffix “EMIA” means?
Suffix meaning BLOOD or referring to the presence of a SUBSTANCE in the blood.
EG: anEMIA, leukEMIA, hypervolEMIA
Suffix “-PENIA” means?
The suffix (-penia) means to LACK or to have a DEFICIENCY.
Eg: neutroPENIA, leukoPENIA,
What is the progression of bacteria 🦠 in PLAQUE formation?
+⛷
PLAQUE is a BIOFILM composed of several different kinds of bacteria and their products that develop over the enamel on a layer known as PELLICLE.
-The FIRST bacteria to attach to these pellicle glycoproteins are gram POSITIVE AEROBIC COCCI such as Streptococcus SANGUINIS.
+⛷
- These bacteria are able to replicate in the oxygen rich environment of the oral cavity and FORM MICRO-COLONIES within minutes after attachment. Other bacteria including Streptococcus MUTANS are able to grow in these colonies
- As the plaque begins to develop and expand, oxygen can no longer diffuse into the colonies
- This anaerobic environment causes facultative anaerobes such as S. MUTANS and LACTOBACILLI to break down sucrose through fermentation pathways.
What is a facultative anaerobe?
Examples?
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE
Capable of Aerobic and Anaerobic pathways
- If O2 is present: makes ATP by aerobic respiration
- if O2 is absent: capable of switching to fermentation
-Streptococcus MUTANS is a facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive coccus
Streptococcus Mutans
+ ♥️
STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
- facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive coccus
- most prevalent on the PITS and FISSURES, constituting 39% of the total streptococci in the oral cavity
- major role in tooth decay, metabolizing sucrose, fructose, glucose, and lactose to LACTIC ACID.
- It is generally, but not exclusively, transmitted via VERTICAL transmission from caregiver (generally the mother) to child.
- implicated in the pathogenesis of certain cardiovascular ❤️ diseases,
What bacteria is most responsible for Infective Endocarditis
🦠💔V
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
🦠💔V
S. VIRIDANS
They are the MOST common causes of subacute bacterial endocarditis.
Viridans streptococci have the unique ability to SYNTHESIZE DEXTRANS from glucose, which allows them to ADHERE to fibrin-platelet aggregates at damaged heart VALVES. This mechanism underlies their ability to cause subacute valvular heart disease following their introduction into the bloodstream.
The organisms are most abundant in the mouth, and one MEMBER of the group, S. MUTANS.
S.Mutans
S.Sobrinus
turns SUCROSE into?
LACTIC ACID
Compared to acetic acid, its pKa is 1 unit less, meaning lactic acid is TEN times more acidic than ACETIC acid.
Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose and other SIX-CARBON sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution.
What is the relationship between S. Mutans and Candida Albicans?
C. albicans has a POSITIVE CORRELATION with cariogenic traits of S. mutans in ECC-related biofilm of young children.
S. mutans cells interact with C. albicans throughout polysaccharides from the biofilm matrix. These findings show that C. albicans ENHANCES the CARIOGENIC POTENTIAL of the S. mutans biofilm, increasing DEMINERALIZATION.
Condyloma Acuminatum
STD
Any child presenting evidence of such, suspect child abuse/molestation
HPV 6, 11, 16, 18
May be infected at birth
Located: Palate, Tongue, Oral Floor, Labial Mucosa
MULTIPLE, COALESCING, pink nodules, cauliflower surface.
TX: Excisional Biopsy
What is Croup?
Signs?
Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of RESPIRATORY INFECTION that is usually caused by a VIRUS.
The infection leads to SWELLING inside the TRACHEA, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms:
X-Ray: “Steeple sign” top of trachea
BARKING cough
Stridor
Hoarse voice.
Fever and runny nose may also be present.
These symptoms may be mild, moderate, or severe.
Often it starts or is worse at NIGHT.
It normally lasts one to two days.
Croup is usually treated with a single dose of STEROIDS by mouth.
In more severe cases INHALED EPINEPHRINE may also be used.
Croup is a relatively common condition that affects about 15% of children at some point.It most commonly occurs between 6 months and 5 years of age but may rarely be seen in children as old as fifteen.
PEDIATRIC HIV
Hallmark feature?
What’s LESS common in kids vs adults?
OROPHARYGEAL CANDIDIASIS
-Hallmark feature
LESS COMMON in KIDS 🆚 adults
- Nug
- periodontitis
- xerostomia
- human papilloma virus
MUCOSITIS
What is it?
When does it occur?
What the bacteria responsible for it?
Mucositis occurs when CANCER TREATMENTS BREAK DOWN the rapidly divided EPITHELIAL CELLS lining the gastro-intestinal tract (which goes from the mouth to the anus), leaving the mucosal tissue open to ULCERATION and INFECTION.
The ORAL CAVITY is the most common location for mucositis. 👄
Patients with oral mucositis and neutropenia (a type of white blood cell deficiency) have a relative risk of SEPTICEMIA (a systemic, toxic illness caused by the invasion of the bloodstream by virulent bacteria coming from a local infection)
They advocate NOT USING CHLORHEXIDINE in patients with solid tumors of the head and neck who are undergoing radiotherapy.
Bacteria involved: STAPH AUREUS, STAPH VIRIDANS
Osteomyelitis
🦠
Infection of Bone Marrow
STAPH AUREAS 🦠
- lives on the skin
- can invade the skin and spread
SALMONELLA 🦠
-particularly in people with Sickle Cell disease
- PASTEURELLA MULTICIDA
- usually from a cat or dog bite
Bacteria reach the bone through the blood stream via HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD
- Dental Extraction of an infected tooth
- Trauma (bone exposed to outside element)
- Surgery
- Infection spread from another area (Cellulitis)
- *(Contiguous Spread)
In Children, area of bone most effected is the METAPHYSIS, or growing area of bone
ACUTE osteomyelitis usually comes to a resolution through the immune system (weeks)
CHRONIC osteomyelitis (Months / Years) Necrotic bone separates from healthy bone called a SEQUESTRUM
Bacteria associated with Mucositis and Neutropenia?
- Staph Aureus
2. Strep Viridens
Antibacterial effect of Fluoride?
Inhibits the ENOLASE part of Glycolysis.
Best method to get rid of chromogenic bacteria on primary teeth.
Pumice
Best proven antibiotic for ADOLESCENTS with LAP (Local Aggressive Periodontitis)?
🚲🚲Tetracycline 🚲🚲
What component of Saliva is Antibacterial.
Lactoferrin
Lactoferrin is a non-enzymatic antibacterial PROTEIN. It is widely spread in body fluids such as SALIVA and TEAR, and even in secondary granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. PMN
Most common cause for a 14 year old exhibiting malaise and lymphadenopathy?
Infectious Mononucleosis
EBV
What is associated with recurrent viral infections?
T-cells
What infections are associated with B-Cell Deficiency’s?
Bacterial
Bacteria found in Aggressive Periodontitis?
AA
