Anatomy / Physiology Flashcards
Describe the TONSIL size classification according to the BRODSKY scale
Degree 0: Tonsils have been
Removed
Degree 1: Tonsil size is less than 25% of the
Oropharynx
Degree 2: Tonsil size is 25-50% of the
Oropharynx
Degree 3: Tonsil size is 50-75% of the
Oropharynx
Degree 4: Tonsil size is more than 75% of the
Oropharynx
What two (or three) anatomical features would find in someone with VAN DER WOUDE syndrome? What makes it distinct?
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VAN DER WOUDE SYNDROME
(VDWS)
a GENETIC disorder characterized by the combination of;
- LOWER LIP PITS
- CLEFT LIP
with or without CLEFT PALATE (CL/P), and cleft palate only (CPO)*
VWS is distinct from other clefting syndromes due to the combination of cleft lip and palate (CLP) and CPO within the SAME FAMILY. (AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT)
The worldwide disease incidence ranges from 1:100,000 to 1:40,000.
What does the THYMUS do?
T🔘
“T” for ”Thymus.”
The thymus controls the DEVELOPMENT and MATURATION of one kind of lymphocyte, the T-LYMPHOCYTE 🔘
The SIZE of the thymus AFFECTS the NUMBER of T-lymphocytes that can develop. Patients with a small thymus produce fewer T-lymphocytes than those with a normally sized thymus
Patients with DIGEORGE SYNDROME may have poor T-cell production compared to their peers.
It is normally located in the upper area of the front of the chest behind the breastbone. The thymus begins its development high in the neck during the first three months of fetal development. As the thymus matures and gets bigger, it drops down into the chest to its ultimate location UNDER the BREASTBONE and in FRONT of the HEART.
Perikymata🦷
PERIKYMATA 🦷
- incremental GROWTH LINES that appear on the surface of tooth enamel as a series of linear grooves.
- takes approximately 6–12 DAYS to form.
- expression of STRAIE of RETZIUS at the surface of enamel.
- They can be found on all teeth, but are usually the easiest to notice on anterior teeth (incisors and canines).
Dental Pellicle 🦷
The DENTAL PELLCLE, or acquired pellicle
- a PROTEIN FILM that forms on the surface enamel by selective binding of GLYCOPROTEINS from SALIVA
- PREVENTS continuous deposition of salivary CALCIUM PHOSPHATE.
- It forms in SECONDS after a tooth is cleaned or after chewing.
- It PROTECTS the tooth from the ACIDS produced by oral microorganisms after consuming carbohydrates.
Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.*
Hydroxyapatite 🦷 is comprised of what two primary compounds?
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE
The OH− ion can be replaced by fluoride, chloride or carbonate, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system.
The majority of the ENAMEL and DENTIN in your teeth is made from a form of hydroxyapatite
tooth
ENAMEL consists of about 97% HYDROXYAPATITE, 1.5 percent water and 1.5 percent collagen and other proteins.
DENTIN is 70% HYDROXYAPATITE
on a MAXILLARY periapical, it appears as 2 small, round RADIOLUCENCIES superior to the APICIES of the max. CENTRAL incisors
SUPERIOR FORAMINA
Contains the descending palatine artery and the NASOPALATINE nerve.
The nasopalatine canal splits superiorly with an opening in the right and left nasal cavities
on a MANDIBULAR periapical, this appears as a small, oval or round RADIOLUCENT area located in the apical region BETWEEN the PREMOLARS
MENTAL FORAMEN
on a MANDUBULAR periapical, this appears as a dense RADIOPAQUE BAND that extends downward and forward in the mand. MOLAR REGION. May appear to be continuous with the internal oblique ridge
MYLOHYOID RIDGE
Hamulus/Hamular process
The pterygoid hamulus is a hook-like process at the lower extremity of the MEDIAL PTERYGOID plate of the SPHENOID bone. Around it glides the tendon of the tensor veli palatini. As well, it is the superior origin of the PTERYGOMANDIBULAR raphe.
ON RADIOGRAPHIC MAXILLARY PA
RADIOPAQUE hooklike projection POSTERIOR to the MAXILLARY TUBEROSITY
Nutrient Canals?
Nutrient canals are anatomic structures of the alveolar bone through which NEUROVASCULAR ELEMENTS transit to supply teeth and supporting structures.
RADIOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION
On a Maxillary or Mandibular PA, appears as a NARROW RADIOLUCENT band. They are more VERTICAL in the MANDIBULAR.
Tricuspid Valve
the TRICUSPID VALVE has three flaps (leaflets) that open and close, allowing blood to flow from the RIGHT ATRIUM to the RIGHT VENTRICLE in your heart and preventing blood from flowing backward.
“R” tRicuspid/Right
Mitral Valve?
Prolapse?
The MITRAL VALVE also known as the BICUSPID valve or left atrioventricular valve, is a valve with two flaps in the heart that lies between the LEFT ATRIUM and the LEFT VENTRICLE.
“L” -mitraL/Left
Mitral valve PROLAPSE is a common cause of a heart MURMUR caused by a “LEAKY” heart valve. Most cases of mitral valve prolapse are not serious and only need to be monitored.
Mitral valve prolapse can run in FAMILIES and may be linked to several other conditions, such as:
Marfan syndrome Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Ebstein's anomaly Muscular dystrophy Graves' disease Scoliosis
DENTAL EROSION
DENTAL EROSION
- Dental erosion is the MOST common CHRONIC disease of children ages 5–17.
- Acid erosion begins initially in the enamel, causing it to become thin, and can progress into dentin, giving the tooth a DULL YELLOW appearance and leading to dentin HYPERSENSITIVITY.
- The MOST common cause of erosion is by ACIDIC foods and drinks. In general, foods and drinks with a pH below 5.0–5.7.
- FRUIT JUICES in particular, may prolong the drop in pH levels.
- Teeth will begin to appear with a BROAD ROUNDED CONCAVITY, and the gaps between teeth will become larger.
PERIMOLYSIS
PERIMOLYSIS
-the process whereby GASTRIC ACID from the stomach comes into contact with the TEETH 🦷, causing INTRINSIC dental EROSION.
This is often secondary to conditions:
- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- Rumination syndrome.
The main cause of GERD is INCREASES ACID production by the STOMACH.
Self-induced VOMITING 🤮 increases the risk of dental erosion by a factor of 5.5 compared to healthy controls. Lesions are most commonly found on the PALATAL surfaces of the teeth, followed by the occlusal and then the buccal surface
What is the KEELS-COFFIELD scale?
The Keels-Coffield Scale of dental erosion breaks down erosion into 4 categories of severity.
Level 0: NO Erosion
Level 1: MILD
Only the cusp TIPS are affected; shallow “moon craters”
- If the child confirms a positive history of GERD symptoms, refer to his/her pediatrician or a GI specialist for testing and management.
- If there is no dental sensitivity, routine fluoride applications and sealants may be adequate.
- If dental sensitivity occurs, protect teeth with occlusal composite resin build-ups.
- take photographs to monitor progression
Level 2: MODERATE
Deep “moon craters” or depressions are present and may coalesce.
-Same recommendations as for MILD erosions, however, teeth with MODERATE erosions will require occlusal composite resin build-ups or SSC’s to protect against further loss of tooth structure.
LEVEL 3: SEVERE
Teeth are slick with little or no anatomy present; possible pulpal exposures
-Same recommendations for MILD and MODERATE erosions, however teeth with SEVERE erosions may require pulp therapy or extraction (if non- restorable)
