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Virology Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Is Adenoviridae a DNA or an RNA virus? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

DNA virus; causes pediatric respiratory illnesses

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2
Q

Is Arenaviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; LCMV and Lassa Fever Virus

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3
Q

Is Hepadnaviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

DNA; Hepatitis B

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4
Q

Is Herpesviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

DNA; Herpes B Virus, HSV-1, HSV-2, Varicella Zoster, Epstein-Barr, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8

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5
Q

Is Papillomaviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

DNA; HPV-1 (plantar warts), HPV-2/4 (hand warts), HPV-6/11 (genital warts)

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6
Q

Is Parvoviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

DNA; Parvovirus B-19 (dogs) - fifth disease

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7
Q

Is Polyomaviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

DNA

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8
Q

Is Poxviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

DNA; smallpox, monkeypox, molluscum contagiosum

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9
Q

What family is the largest/most complex of all viruses?

A

Poxviridae

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10
Q

Is Astroviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; Gastroenteritis

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11
Q

Is Calciviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; Norovirus and sapovirus

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12
Q

Is Coronaviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV2

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13
Q

Is Filoviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; Marburg, Ebola, Viral hemorrhagic fever

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14
Q

Is Flaviviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; Yellow fever, Dengue, West Nile Virus, Zika virus, Hepatitis C

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15
Q

Is Hantaviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; HPS/SNV

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16
Q

Is Hepeviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; Hepatitis E

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17
Q

Is Orthomyxoviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; Influenza viruses

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18
Q

Is Paramyxoviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; Parainfluenza I (Croup), Mumps, Measles

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19
Q

Is Picornaviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, Parechovirus, Hepatitis A

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20
Q

Is Rhabdoviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; Rabies

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21
Q

Is Togaviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; Rubella

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22
Q

Is Pneumoviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; RSV and HPMV

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23
Q

Is Reoviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; Rotavirus

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24
Q

Is Retroviridae family DNA or RNA viruses? What specific viruses are included in this family?

A

RNA; HIV-1, HTLV

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25
Q

What family of viruses is Hepatitis C found in?

A

Flaviviridae

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26
Q

What family of viruses is Norovirus found in?

A

Calciviridae

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27
Q

What family of viruses is Epstein-Barr Virus found in?

A

Herpesviridae

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28
Q

What family of viruses is Dengue in?

A

Flaviviridae

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29
Q

What family of viruses is Rabies in?

A

Rhabdoviridae

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30
Q

What family of viruses is RSV in?

A

Pneumoviridae

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31
Q

What family of viruses is Mumps and Measles found in?

A

Paramyxoviridae

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32
Q

What family of viruses is Rhinovirus in?

A

Picornaviridae

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33
Q

What family of viruses is Hepatitis A in?

A

Picornaviridae

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34
Q

What family of viruses is smallpox, monkeypox, and molluscum contagiosum in?

A

Poxviridae

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35
Q

What family of viruses is Lassa Fever Virus found in?

A

Arenaviridae

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36
Q

What family of viruses are the influenza viruses found in?

A

Orthomyxoviridae

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37
Q

What family of viruses is chicken pox/shingles found in?

A

Herpesviridae

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38
Q

What family of viruses is cytomegalovirus found in?

A

Herpesviridae

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39
Q

What family of viruses is Hepatitis B found in?

A

Hepadnaviridae

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40
Q

What family of viruses is Rubella found in?

A

Togaviridae

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41
Q

What family of viruses is Rotavirus found in?

A

Reoviridae

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42
Q

What family of viruses is Hepatitis E found in ?

A

Hepeviridae

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43
Q

What family of viruses is Zika virus found in?

A

Flaviviridae

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44
Q

What family of viruses is West Nile Virus found in?

A

Flaviviridae

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45
Q

What family of viruses is Ebola and Marburg found in ?

A

Filoviridae

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46
Q

What family of viruses is Enterovirus found in?

A

Picornaviridae

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47
Q

What family of viruses is Croup (parainfluenza 1) found in?

A

Paramyxoviridae

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48
Q

What family of viruses is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/Sin Nombre Virus found in?

A

Hantaviridae

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49
Q

What family of viruses is Yellow Fever in?

A

Flaviviridae

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50
Q

What family of viruses is Sapovirus found in

A

Calciviridae

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51
Q

What family of viruses is LCMV found in?

A

Arenaviridae

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52
Q

What family of viruses is HHV-6,7, and 8 found in?

A

Herpesviridae

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53
Q

What family of viruses is HPV found in?

A

Papillomaviridae

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54
Q

What family of viruses is Parvovirus found in?

A

Parvoviridae

55
Q

What family of viruses is HIV and HTLV found in?

A

Retroviridae

56
Q

What family of viruses is Parechovirus found in?

A

Picornaviridae

57
Q

Define a virus

A

Obligate intracellular parasite

58
Q

What is viral tropism?

A

the ability of a given virus to infect a particular cell or number of cells

59
Q

Which is worse; antigentic shift or antigenetic drift?

60
Q

What are the two most common forms of a viral capsid?

A

Helical (spiral) or Icosahedral (20 sided)

61
Q

3 basic properties to differentiate viruses

A
  1. viral morphology
  2. method of replication (RNA or DNA; single or double stranded)
  3. Presence or absence of lipid envelope
62
Q

What type of swabs should NOT be used for the collection of viruses?

A

Calcium alginate swabs; they inhibit PCR

63
Q

What are arboviruses?

A

Arthropod-borne viruses

64
Q

What are the 4 pediatric respiratory viruses?

A

Influenza (Orthomyxoviridae)
Parainfluenza (Paramyxoviridae)
RSV (Pneumoviridae)
Adenoviruses (Adenoviridae)

65
Q

What does TORCH stand for and what is it?

A

Toxoplasma, Other, Rubella, CMV, HSV (all testing during pregnancy - can cause transplacental infections)

66
Q

Varicella Zoster

A

Varicella = chicken pox
Zoster = shingles - localized to a dermatome

67
Q

What are Serologic ELISA’s most commonly used to test for in the lab?

A

RSV, rotavirus, and influenza

68
Q

Capsid

A

protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid

69
Q

Viral envelope

A

lipid coat surrounding virus

70
Q

nucleocapsid

A

The nucleic acid genome surrounded by a symmetric protein coat

71
Q

Positive sense RNA

A

can be immediately translated into protein by cell

72
Q

Negative sense RNA

A

complementary to mRNA sequence, needs to be converted into positive sense RNA before being translated

73
Q

How are enveloped viruses transmitted?

A

Via direct contact (sexual, parenteral, respiratory)

74
Q

How are naked viruses transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

75
Q

Are enveloped or naked viruses more susceptible to environmental destruction?

A

Enveloped viruses - they are more susceptible to drying and destruction

Naked viruses are very resistant to environmental factors

76
Q

What are the 6 steps of the viral infectious cycle?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Macromolecular synthesis
  5. Viral assembly
  6. Release
77
Q

Acute viral infections

A

Evident signs and symptoms

78
Q

Chronic viral infections

A

Low levels of virus are detectable ; degree of signs/symptoms varies

79
Q

Latent viral infections

A

No visible signs/symptoms but virus is present

80
Q

What are some examples of REJECTABLE specimens for viral collection?

A

Bacterial swabs
Leaking samples
Dry samples
Specimens in preservative solutions for tissues
Delayed transportation
Wooden shaft swabs
Unlabeled samples

81
Q

How should viral specimens be stored if they are not immediately being analyzed?

A

4C (fridge) should not be kept at RT or higher, should never be froze

82
Q

What are cytopathic effects (CPEs)?

A

Structural changes in cell morphology that take effect due to viral invasion

83
Q

NAATs

A

Nucleic acid amplification tests

84
Q

Cell culture/shell vial assays

A

Cell culture: takes up to 28 days to grow cell monolayer
Shell vial assays: cell monolayer stained for antigens

85
Q

When would someone get a Varicella vaccine?

A

Recommended for all children

86
Q

When would someone get a Hep A vaccine?

A

Travelers entering areas of high endemicity

87
Q

When would someone get a MMRvaccine?

A

Recommended for all children

88
Q

Salk vaccine

A

First polio vaccine: dead virus

89
Q

Sabin vaccine

A

Oral polio vaccine: live-attenuated virus

90
Q

When would rabies vaccine be administered?

A

Following the bite of a potentially infected animal

91
Q

When would Hep B vaccine be administered?

A

Newborns of infected mothers or unimmunized lab worker after needle stick

92
Q

Hemagglutinin (HA)

A

Protein found on Influenza virus - Rod-shaped spikes that enable viral attachment

93
Q

Neuraminidase (NA)

A

Protein found on Influenza virus - Mushroom-shaped spikes that facilitate the release of mature virions from infected cells and assist viral movement

94
Q

What Influenzas does antigenic drift occur in?

A

All types of influenza

95
Q

What Influenza viruses does antigenic shift occur in?

A

Influenza A only

96
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Allows strains to form a completely new subtype - more dramatic change in genome and only occurs in Influenza A

97
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Gradual change of viral genome, less dramatic and occurs in all Influenza subtypes

98
Q

What groups of people are adenovirus more common in?

99
Q

How is hepatitis B transmitted?

A

Blood products, sharing needles

100
Q

what is a special feature of herpes virus?

A

Displays latency (aka varicella zoster)

101
Q

What cancer does EBV leaad to?

A

Burkitts lymphoma

102
Q

What cancer can HPV lead to?

A

Cervical cancer

103
Q

What is herpetic whitlow?

A

Painful blisters on fingers (HSV)

104
Q

What is HPV associated with?

105
Q

What types of HPV strains are we protected against with the gardasil vaccines?

A

HPV-16 and HPV-18

106
Q

What disease is “slapped cheek” associated with?

A

Fifth disease (parvo)

107
Q

largest viruses

A

monkeypox and smallpox

108
Q

What disease causes nodules on the hand and is transmitted through direct contact with sheep?

109
Q

Which arenavirus causes hemorrhagic fever?

A

Lassa Fever Virus

110
Q

Which arenavirus is transmitted by rodents?

111
Q

What virus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis on cruise ships?

112
Q

What virus has a shepherds hook morphology?

113
Q

What viruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever?

A

Ebola, Marburg, Lassa Fever, Dengue

114
Q

What kind of disease does Ebola cause?

A

Hemorrhagic fever

115
Q

What is the most prevalent arbovirus in the world?

116
Q

What virus has the largest number of cases of viral encephalitis in the US?

A

West Nile Virus

117
Q

What virus can cause pregnant women giving birth to babies with microencephaly?

A

Zika Virus

118
Q

Vaccine is available for Hep C T/F

119
Q

How are hantaviruses transmitted?

120
Q

What virus was originally discovered in the four corners of the US?

A

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

121
Q

What can sin nombre virus/HPS lead to?

A

Acute respiratory failure

122
Q

what is the most common cause of croup?

A

Parainfluenza 1

123
Q

What virus causes parotitis?

124
Q

What virus is associated with Koplik spots?

125
Q

Which is the simplest of RNA viruses?

A

Picornaviruses

126
Q

What virus causes aseptic meningitis, paralytic polio, and encephalitis?

A

Enterovirus

127
Q

What is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis?

A

Enterovirus

128
Q

What virus is the cause of the common cold

A

Rhinovirus

129
Q

What is the most significant cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children?

130
Q

What is the hallmark of RSV infection?

A

Host cell fusion into syncytial cells

131
Q

What is the major cause of infantile severe gastroenteritis?

132
Q

What can rabies infection lead to? What is another name for rabies?

A

Viral encephalitis, AKA Lyssavirus

133
Q

What are prions?

A

Misfolded proteins

Microbiology (24 decks)

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