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Microbiology > Bacteriology Exam 9 (Bordatella, Brucella, Francisella, etc) > Flashcards

Bacteriology Exam 9 (Bordatella, Brucella, Francisella, etc) Flashcards

1
Q

What organisms from this unit are often MDRO?

A

Acinetobacter

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2
Q

What organisms are included in “ESKAPE” and what are they known for?

A

Enterococcus faecium (VRE)
Staph aureus (MRSA)
Kleb pneumoniae (CRE)
Acinetobacter baumannii (CRE)
Pseudy (CRE)
Enterobacter cloacae (VRE)

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3
Q

Epidemiology of Acinetobacter

A

Soil and water organisms, may be normal skin/GI flora; causes HAIs

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4
Q

Pathogenesis of Acinetobacter

A

Mostly seen in ICU patients/patients in long term care facilities – infections occur mostly in respiratory, genitourinary, blood, sometimes wounds

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5
Q

Transmission of Acinetobacter

A

Through HAIs, rarely community acquired – higher risk if previous MRSA infection

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6
Q

Gram stain of Acinetobacter

A

Plump GNCB

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7
Q

Oxidase/Catalase/Motility for Acinetobacter

A

Ox neg
Cat pos
Non-motile

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8
Q

Lactose fermentation of Acinetobacter

A

NLF

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9
Q

What will Acinetobacter grow on?

A

MAC, BAP, CHOC

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10
Q

Hemolysis/Glucose utilization for:
A. baumannii
A. lwoffi
A. haemolytics

A

A. baumannii = gamma, glucose oxidizing
A. lwoffi = gamma, non-glucose utilizing
A. haemolytics = beta hemolytic

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11
Q

What is CRAB?

A

Carbapenemase resistance Acinetobacter baumannii due to AmpC beta lactamase

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12
Q

What genes are associated with the folliowing:
MRSA
VRE
CRO

A

MRSA - MecA
CRO - AmpC
VRE - VanA

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13
Q

What is Bordatella sp. associated with?

A

Upper respiratory tract infections with ciliated epithelial cells and high incidence rate in cystic fibrosis patients

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14
Q

What causes Whooping Cough?

A

Bordatella pertussis
Bordatella parapertussis (less severe)

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15
Q

What contributes to the severity of infection for whooping cough?

A

Age (kids more susceptible)
Previous immunization/infection
Antibody titers
Current antibiotic therapy

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16
Q

Virulence factors of Bordetella

A

Attachment pili (binds to ciliated epithelial proteins)
Outer membrane (resists lysozyme)
Pertussis toxin (enters bloodstream to increase protein synthesis)

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17
Q

Prevention of Bordetella?

A

DtaP/TdaP vaccine

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18
Q

What primary medias are used for Bordetella to grow?

A

Regan Lowe
Stainer Scholte
Bordet-Gengou potato infused agar

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19
Q

What species of Bordetella are oxidase positive?

A

B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica

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20
Q

What species of Bordetella are motile?

A

B. bronchiseptica

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21
Q

What species of Bordetella will grow on BAP?

A

B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica

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22
Q

What species of Bordetella will grow on MAC?

A

B. bronchiseptica

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23
Q

What species of Bordetella takes the longest to grow on Regan Lowe agar (3 days)?

A

B. pertussis

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24
Q

What species of Bordetella are urease positive and how long until you see the positive result?

A

B. parapertussis (24 hrs)
B. bronchiseptica (4 hrs)

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25
Q

What species of Bordetella are nitrate positive?

A

B. bronchiseptica

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26
Q

Bordetella oxygen requirements

A

Obligate aerobes - will NOT grow anaerobically

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27
Q

What specimens collections are acceptable for the collection of Bordetella?

A

Nasopharyngeal aspirates/washes (Rayon and Dacron swabs)

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28
Q

What specimen collections are UNACCEPTABLE for the collection of Bordetella and why?

A

Calcium alginate swabs - inhibit DNA replication
Cotton swabs
Throat/sputum/anterior nose - no ciliated epithelial cells

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29
Q

Is it ok to culture Bordetella?

A

It will grow if the illness is in the early stages but will not grow after paroxysmal stage - takes awhile to grow

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30
Q

What serology testing is used for Bordetella and how do you know if its positive?

A

Direct Fluorescent antibodies (DFA) - green against black background is positive

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31
Q

What bacteria is associated with kennel cough?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

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32
Q

Unique facts about B. bronchiseptica

A

Only bordetella capable of growing on MAC
Causes Kennel Cough in dogs

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33
Q

What medias will B. bronchiseptica grow on?

A

BAP, MAC, Regan Lowe

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34
Q

What medias will B. pertussis grow on?

A

ONLY regan lowe

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35
Q

What medias will B. parapertussis grow on?

A

BAP and Regan Lowe

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36
Q

What Bordetella species are catalase positive?

A

All of them discussed

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37
Q

What animals are B. abortus associated with?

A

Buffalo and cattle

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38
Q

What animals are B. melitinensis associated with?

A

Sheep, goats, and camels

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39
Q

What to associate Brucella with?

A

Farmers/Cattles/Vets/Slaughter houses - ZOONOTIC

40
Q

What tissue does Brucella have an affinity towards?

A

Placental tissue (rich in erythritol)

41
Q

Epidemiology for Brucella

A

Reservoir in animals - animals rarely get infected but may cause spontaneous abortion in livestock

42
Q

How does Brucella get transmitted to humans?

A

Ingestion of unpasteurized milk/dairy
Inhalation of particles
Direct contact w/ infected animals
Blood through sexual intercourse (rare, ew)

43
Q

Pathogenesis of Brucella

A

Can survive phagocytosis within neutrophils which can cause splenic granulomas

44
Q

What species of Brucella are most virulent to humans?

A

B. melitensis and B. abortus

45
Q

Prevention of Brucella

A

vaccinations exist for livestock, not humans

46
Q

Brucella motility

A

Non-motile

47
Q

ID50 for brucella?

A

LOW - not much bacteria to infect

48
Q

What BSL does Brucella require?

49
Q

How is Brucella differentiated from Bartonella/Rhizobium/Agrobcterium?

A

Brucella rapidly hydrolyzes Urea and has NH3/H2S production and is inhibited by aniline dyes

50
Q

What is the current gold standard to identify Brucella?

A

Blood culture, BM, or CSF aspirate - in vitro culture

51
Q

Growth conditions for Brucella

A

Increased CO2, facultative

52
Q

What titer of Brucella is a positive result?

53
Q

What agar will Brucella grow on?

A

Most will grow on BAP and CHOC
Brucella agar exists containing 5% horse or rabbit serum base

54
Q

What category terrorism agent is Brucella?

A

Category 2

55
Q

What Brucella is not inhibited by either of the dyes?

A

B. melitensis

56
Q

What Brucella is only inhibited by Thionine?

A

B. abortus

57
Q

What Brucella is only inhibited by Fuschin?

A

B. suis and B. canis

58
Q

What Brucella is positive for H2S?

A

B. abortus

59
Q

What Brucella is the most rapidly positive for urease?

A

B. suis and B. canis - 15 min
B. abortus and B. melitensis - 2 hrs

60
Q

What does Francisella tularensis cause? How is it transmitted?

A

Tularemia AKA Rabbit Fever - transmitted through direct contact with animals or bites from arthropod vectors - cannot be spread human to human

61
Q

What category bioterrorist agent is Francisella tularemia?

A

Category A

62
Q

What does Francisella require to grow?

A

Cysteine/Cystine or other sulfhydryl containing compounds

63
Q

What biochemical reactions of interest are positive for Francisella?

A

H2S +
Everything else = negative!

64
Q

What is the chief vector for Francisella?

A

Lone Star Tick

65
Q

What is the ID50 for Francisella (low or high)?

66
Q

What S&S will Francisella cause?

A

Fever/Chills/NVD/Granulomatous lesions in infected organs over time

67
Q

Type A Tularemia vs Type B Tularemia

A

Type A - predominant in north america and most virulent strains
Type B - predominant in europe and asia (less severe)

68
Q

What from this unit is one of the most common laboratory acquired infections?

A

Francisella

69
Q

What is the best method to ID F. tularensis?

A

Serology (look for antibodies)

70
Q

What agars will Francisella grow on?

A

CHOC
Glucose cystine agar
Cystine heart agar
BCYE

71
Q

What AST testing would be appropriate for an identified Francisella?

A

Beta Lactams because they can be beta lactamase positive

72
Q

What is Streptobacillys monliformis the causative agent of?

A

Haverhill fever AKA Rat Bite Fever

73
Q

What does Streptobacillus require for incubation?

A

Facultative, requires blood/serum proteins and increased CO2

74
Q

Gram stain of Streptobacillus

A

Filamentous GNR

75
Q

Epidemiology of Streptobacillus

A

Natural reservoirs for wild/lab rats, gerbils, squirrels, ferrets/weasels - lines respiratory tract

76
Q

How does Streptobacillus transmit to humans?

A

Bite from rodent or ingestion of contaminated food

77
Q

Rat bite fever S&S

A

severe joint pain, fever, chills, rashes may develop on palms and soles of hands and feet

78
Q

What inhibits Streptobacillus?

A

SPS - so cannot use this for blood cultures

79
Q

Hemolysis of Streptobacillus

80
Q

AST for Streptobacillus

A

Does not exist because it is universally susceptible to Penicillin

81
Q

Notable biochemicals for Streptobacillus moniliformis

A

Negative for everything!!
Non motile
Filamentous GNR

82
Q

What does Spirillum minus cause?

A

rat bite fever

83
Q

Gram stain of Spirillum minus

A

Helical GNR (spirochete-like)

84
Q

What is Spirilium minus referred to as and where?

A

Asia - referred to as sodoku

85
Q

Identification of Sprillium minus

A

Does NOT grow in vitro, so darkfield microscopy is useful but has low specificity
Serology testing/PCR does not exist

86
Q

What are the specimens of choice for Spirillium minus testing?

A

blood, exudate, lymph nodes but will not grow in vitro. must use darkfield microscopy

87
Q

Epidemiology of S. maltophilia

A

Environmental pathogen that is an opportunistic pathogen to patients with chronic respiratory diseases –contaminated medical equipment is a primary means of spread and increased risk with cystic fibrosis patients

88
Q

What is the fourth most common GNR outside of Enterobacterales?

A

S. maltophilia

89
Q

Unique fact about survival means of S. maltophilia?

A

May survive chlorination water treatment

90
Q

Pathogenesis of S. maltophilia

A

MDRO - resistance to nearly all antibiotics

91
Q

What will S. maltophilia grow on?

A

BAP, CHOC, and MAC as a NLF

92
Q

What is the colony morphology of S. maltophilia?

A

large, smooth, wet colonies with uneven edges that may be purple pigmented, gamma hemolytic, and have a faint ammonia odor

93
Q

What biochemical reactions is S. maltophilia NEGATIVE for?

A

NLF
Oxidase
Urease
Non-fermenter

94
Q

What biochemical reactions is S. maltophilia POSITIVE for?

A

ONPG
Catalase
DNAse
Esculin
Gelatin hydrolysis
Motility
Lysine decarboxylase

95
Q

AST testing for S. maltophilia

A

IMPORTANT b/c Intrinsically resistant to most antibiotics
Currently susceptible to SXT

Microbiology (24 decks)

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