Bacteriology Exam 9 (Bordatella, Brucella, Francisella, etc) Flashcards by Tori Bertsch

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Epidemiology of Acinetobacter

Soil and water organisms, may be normal skin/GI flora; causes HAIs

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Pathogenesis of Acinetobacter

Mostly seen in ICU patients/patients in long term care facilities – infections occur mostly in respiratory, genitourinary, blood, sometimes wounds

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Transmission of Acinetobacter

Through HAIs, rarely community acquired – higher risk if previous MRSA infection

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Gram stain of Acinetobacter

Plump GNCB

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Oxidase/Catalase/Motility for Acinetobacter

Ox neg
Cat pos
Non-motile

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Lactose fermentation of Acinetobacter

NLF

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What will Acinetobacter grow on?

MAC, BAP, CHOC

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Hemolysis/Glucose utilization for:
A. baumannii
A. lwoffi
A. haemolytics

A. baumannii = gamma, glucose oxidizing
A. lwoffi = gamma, non-glucose utilizing
A. haemolytics = beta hemolytic

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What is CRAB?

Carbapenemase resistance Acinetobacter baumannii due to AmpC beta lactamase

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What genes are associated with the folliowing:
MRSA
VRE
CRO

MRSA - MecA
CRO - AmpC
VRE - VanA

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What is Bordatella sp. associated with?

Upper respiratory tract infections with ciliated epithelial cells and high incidence rate in cystic fibrosis patients

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What causes Whooping Cough?

Bordatella pertussis
Bordatella parapertussis (less severe)

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What contributes to the severity of infection for whooping cough?

Age (kids more susceptible)
Previous immunization/infection
Antibody titers
Current antibiotic therapy

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Virulence factors of Bordetella

Attachment pili (binds to ciliated epithelial proteins)
Outer membrane (resists lysozyme)
Pertussis toxin (enters bloodstream to increase protein synthesis)

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Prevention of Bordetella?

DtaP/TdaP vaccine

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What primary medias are used for Bordetella to grow?

Regan Lowe
Stainer Scholte
Bordet-Gengou potato infused agar

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What species of Bordetella are oxidase positive?

B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica

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What species of Bordetella are motile?

B. bronchiseptica

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What species of Bordetella will grow on BAP?

B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica

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What species of Bordetella will grow on MAC?

B. bronchiseptica

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What species of Bordetella takes the longest to grow on Regan Lowe agar (3 days)?

B. pertussis

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What species of Bordetella are urease positive and how long until you see the positive result?

B. parapertussis (24 hrs)
B. bronchiseptica (4 hrs)

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What species of Bordetella are nitrate positive?

B. bronchiseptica

Bordetella oxygen requirements

Obligate aerobes - will NOT grow anaerobically

What specimens collections are acceptable for the collection of Bordetella?

Nasopharyngeal aspirates/washes (Rayon and Dacron swabs)

What specimen collections are UNACCEPTABLE for the collection of Bordetella and why?

Calcium alginate swabs - inhibit DNA replication Cotton swabs Throat/sputum/anterior nose - no ciliated epithelial cells

Is it ok to culture Bordetella?

It will grow if the illness is in the early stages but will not grow after paroxysmal stage - takes awhile to grow

What serology testing is used for Bordetella and how do you know if its positive?

Direct Fluorescent antibodies (DFA) - green against black background is positive

What bacteria is associated with kennel cough?

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Unique facts about B. bronchiseptica

Only bordetella capable of growing on MAC Causes Kennel Cough in dogs

What medias will B. bronchiseptica grow on?

BAP, MAC, Regan Lowe

What medias will B. pertussis grow on?

ONLY regan lowe

What medias will B. parapertussis grow on?

BAP and Regan Lowe

What Bordetella species are catalase positive?

All of them discussed

What animals are B. abortus associated with?

Buffalo and cattle

What animals are B. melitinensis associated with?

Sheep, goats, and camels

What to associate Brucella with?

Farmers/Cattles/Vets/Slaughter houses - ZOONOTIC

What tissue does Brucella have an affinity towards?

Placental tissue (rich in erythritol)

Epidemiology for Brucella

Reservoir in animals - animals rarely get infected but may cause spontaneous abortion in livestock

How does Brucella get transmitted to humans?

Ingestion of unpasteurized milk/dairy Inhalation of particles Direct contact w/ infected animals Blood through sexual intercourse (rare, ew)

Pathogenesis of Brucella

Can survive phagocytosis within neutrophils which can cause splenic granulomas

What species of Brucella are most virulent to humans?

B. melitensis and B. abortus

Prevention of Brucella

vaccinations exist for livestock, not humans

Brucella motility

Non-motile

ID50 for brucella?

LOW - not much bacteria to infect

What BSL does Brucella require?

BSL 3

How is Brucella differentiated from Bartonella/Rhizobium/Agrobcterium?

Brucella rapidly hydrolyzes Urea and has NH3/H2S production and is inhibited by aniline dyes

What is the current gold standard to identify Brucella?

Blood culture, BM, or CSF aspirate - in vitro culture

Growth conditions for Brucella

Increased CO2, facultative

What titer of Brucella is a positive result?

> 1:160

What agar will Brucella grow on?

Most will grow on BAP and CHOC Brucella agar exists containing 5% horse or rabbit serum base

What category terrorism agent is Brucella?

Category 2

What Brucella is not inhibited by either of the dyes?

B. melitensis

What Brucella is only inhibited by Thionine?

B. abortus

What Brucella is only inhibited by Fuschin?

B. suis and B. canis

What Brucella is positive for H2S?

B. abortus

What Brucella is the most rapidly positive for urease?

B. suis and B. canis - 15 min B. abortus and B. melitensis - 2 hrs

What does Francisella tularensis cause? How is it transmitted?

Tularemia AKA Rabbit Fever - transmitted through direct contact with animals or bites from arthropod vectors - cannot be spread human to human

What category bioterrorist agent is Francisella tularemia?

Category A

What does Francisella require to grow?

Cysteine/Cystine or other sulfhydryl containing compounds

What biochemical reactions of interest are positive for Francisella?

H2S + Everything else = negative!

What is the chief vector for Francisella?

Lone Star Tick

What is the ID50 for Francisella (low or high)?

LOW

What S&S will Francisella cause?

Fever/Chills/NVD/Granulomatous lesions in infected organs over time

Type A Tularemia vs Type B Tularemia

Type A - predominant in north america and most virulent strains Type B - predominant in europe and asia (less severe)

What from this unit is one of the most common laboratory acquired infections?

Francisella

What is the best method to ID F. tularensis?

Serology (look for antibodies)

What agars will Francisella grow on?

CHOC Glucose cystine agar Cystine heart agar BCYE

What AST testing would be appropriate for an identified Francisella?

Beta Lactams because they can be beta lactamase positive

What is Streptobacillys monliformis the causative agent of?

Haverhill fever AKA Rat Bite Fever

What does Streptobacillus require for incubation?

Facultative, requires blood/serum proteins and increased CO2

Gram stain of Streptobacillus

Filamentous GNR

Epidemiology of Streptobacillus

Natural reservoirs for wild/lab rats, gerbils, squirrels, ferrets/weasels - lines respiratory tract

How does Streptobacillus transmit to humans?

Bite from rodent or ingestion of contaminated food

Rat bite fever S&S

severe joint pain, fever, chills, rashes may develop on palms and soles of hands and feet

What inhibits Streptobacillus?

SPS - so cannot use this for blood cultures

Hemolysis of Streptobacillus

Gamma

AST for Streptobacillus

Does not exist because it is universally susceptible to Penicillin

Notable biochemicals for Streptobacillus moniliformis

Negative for everything!! Non motile Filamentous GNR

What does Spirillum minus cause?

rat bite fever

Gram stain of Spirillum minus

Helical GNR (spirochete-like)

What is Spirilium minus referred to as and where?

Asia - referred to as sodoku

Identification of Sprillium minus

Does NOT grow in vitro, so darkfield microscopy is useful but has low specificity Serology testing/PCR does not exist

What are the specimens of choice for Spirillium minus testing?

blood, exudate, lymph nodes but will not grow in vitro. must use darkfield microscopy

Epidemiology of S. maltophilia

Environmental pathogen that is an opportunistic pathogen to patients with chronic respiratory diseases --contaminated medical equipment is a primary means of spread and increased risk with cystic fibrosis patients

What is the fourth most common GNR outside of Enterobacterales?

S. maltophilia

Unique fact about survival means of S. maltophilia?

May survive chlorination water treatment

Pathogenesis of S. maltophilia

MDRO - resistance to nearly all antibiotics

What will S. maltophilia grow on?

BAP, CHOC, and MAC as a NLF

What is the colony morphology of S. maltophilia?

large, smooth, wet colonies with uneven edges that may be purple pigmented, gamma hemolytic, and have a faint ammonia odor

What biochemical reactions is S. maltophilia NEGATIVE for?

NLF Oxidase Urease Non-fermenter

What biochemical reactions is S. maltophilia POSITIVE for?

ONPG Catalase DNAse Esculin Gelatin hydrolysis Motility Lysine decarboxylase

AST testing for S. maltophilia

IMPORTANT b/c Intrinsically resistant to most antibiotics Currently susceptible to SXT