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Microbiology > Bacteriology Exam 6 (Pseudo, Vibrio, Burkholderia) > Flashcards

Bacteriology Exam 6 (Pseudo, Vibrio, Burkholderia) Flashcards

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1
Q

What do Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Chromobacterium spp. all have in common?

A

Oxidase positive, glucose fermenters, GNR

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2
Q

Habitat/epidemiology for Vibrio spp.

A

Brackish/marine water (salty)

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3
Q

Habitat/epidemiology of Aeromonas spp.

A

Freshwater or brackish/marine water with low salt content

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4
Q

Habitat/epidemiology for C. violaceum

A

soil or water most commonly in tropical and subtropical climates

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5
Q

What is the best system to identify Vibrio spp.? Why?

A

API 20E because the inoculum is prepared in 0.85% saline and Vibrio are halophilic organisms and tolerate salt

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6
Q

Aeromonas motility?

A

Motile

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7
Q

Aeromonas indole?

A

Positive

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8
Q

What temperature can Aeromonas grow at?

A

Wide range of temperatures: 0-42 C

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9
Q

What is Aeromonas usually associated with?

A

Untreated well water or consumption of seafood

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10
Q

What organism is most commonly found in wound infections after exposure to aquatic environments, especially on extremities, causing cellulitis?

A

Aeromonas sp.

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11
Q

What does aeromonas hydrophila complex cause?

A

GI illnesses (if ingested), UTIs, skin and soft tissue infections

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12
Q

How to differentiate Aeromonas spp from Yersinia enterocolitica since they are indistinguishable on CIN agar?

A

Aeromonas is oxidase pos
Yersinia enterocolitica is oxidase neg

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13
Q

Aeromonas hemolysis on BAP

A

Beta

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14
Q

How to differentiate Aeromonas spp from Plesiomonas spp?

A

Both oxidase pos, so look at hemolysis
Aeromonas = beta
Plesiomonas = gamma

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15
Q

Why is it hard to do oxidase testing on Chromobacterium violaceum?

A

Because it produces a violet pigment similar to that of an oxidase positive result

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16
Q

What will chromobacterium violaceum look like on MAC?

A

NLF so clear

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17
Q

What temperature does Chromobacterium violaceum grow at?

A

42 C

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18
Q

Chromobacterium spp. motility

A

Motile

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19
Q

What does Chromobacterium spp. colonies look like?

A

Violet pigmented colonies called violacein

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20
Q

T/F: Chromobacterium violaceum is the only species of Chromobacterium.

A

True

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21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Chromobacterium violaceum?

A

Not associated with GI infections; but through contamination of wounds can lead to life threatening systemic infections.
Can cause rare opportunistic infections in patients with low neutrophil counts.

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22
Q

Hemolysis of Chromobacterium violaceum

A

Beta-hemolytic

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23
Q

Unique feature of Chromobacterium violaceum smell

A

produce an almond-like odor

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24
Q

How would you differentiate Aeromonas from Chromobacterium violaceum?

A

First, look at pigment of colonies.
If there is no violet pigment (9% of strains) C. violaceum is negative for lysine and ornithine and does not ferment maltose or mannitol.

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25
Q

How to differentiate Chromobacterium from Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Brevundimonas, and Ralstonia?

A

Chromobacterium ferments glucose and has a positive indole test

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26
Q

C. violaceum is often resistant to ________ and _______.

A

beta-lactams and colistin

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27
Q

T/F: Most vibrio spp. require sodium for growth.

A

True

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28
Q

Vibrio spp. motility, catalase, oxidase

A

Motile, catalase neg, oxidase pos

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29
Q

Vibrio are temperature ________ and are found in water if the temp exceeds _____C.

A

sensitive; 20

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30
Q

What can increase the risk of Vibrio infection?

A
  • Increased travel
  • Increased consumption of seafood
  • Increased use of recreational water facilities
  • Immunocompromised
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31
Q

What type of infections can vibrio cause?

A
  • Mild gastroenteritis
  • Cholera
  • Wound infections
  • Fatal septicemia
  • Necrotizing fasciitis
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32
Q

What are the four most common species of Vibrio?

A

cholerae
parahaemolyticus
vulnificus
alginolyticus

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33
Q

What is the gram stain of vibrio?

A

Small, curved gram negative rods that may be pleomorphic

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34
Q

Vibrio nitrate reduction?

A

Positive

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35
Q

Vibrio motility

A

Motile that exhibit rapid darting or shooting star motility

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36
Q

What is a special agar that Vibrio species may grow on? What will Vibrio look like on this agar? What does this mean?

A

TBCS agar; yellow or green colonies (yellow means ferments sucrose, green means does not ferment sucrose)

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37
Q

What is in TCBS agar that allows Vibrio to be selected for?

A

1% sodium chloride, bile salts to inhibit GP organisms, sucrose to differentiate between vibrio species, and high pH

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38
Q

Which species of Vibrio are lactose fermenters?

A

Only V. vulnificus (the rest are NLF)

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39
Q

What will V. parahaemolyticus look like on CHROM vibrio agar?

A

Mauve

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40
Q

What will V. vulnificus and V. cholerae look like on CHROM vibrio agar?

A

Green/turquoise blue

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41
Q

What will V. alginolyticus look like on CHROM vibrio agar?

A

Creamy white

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42
Q

What will Vibrio cholerae look like on TCBS agar vs Vibro parahaemolyticus?

A

Vibrio cholerae: yellow (ferments sucrose)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus: clear/green color of agar (does not ferment sucrose)

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43
Q

What are the only two Vibrio sp. that do not REQUIRE salt for growth, but will grow in 6% NaCl broth?

A

V. cholerae and V. mimicus

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44
Q

What test can be used to differentiate Vibrio from Aeromonas sp? How does it work? Which are pos and neg?

A

The string test - organisms are emulsified in 0.5% sodium deoxycholate which lyses Vibrio cells but not Aeromonas. Cell lysis releases DNA which is polymerized and pulled up into a string with an inoculating loop.
Aeromonas = neg
Vibrio = pos

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45
Q

How is vibro cholerae mainly spread?

A

contaminated water

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46
Q

What does vibrio cholerae cause?

A

Rapid fluid and electrolyte loss producing “rice water stool” frequently leading to death

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47
Q

What is the drug of choice for vibrio cholerae?

A

Tetracycline

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48
Q

What are the 2 subgroups of Vibrio cholerae capable of causing epidemic due to having the CT toxin?

A

V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139

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49
Q

Which Vibrio sp is known to cause fatal septicemia, especially in patients suffering from an underlying liver disease?

A

Vibro vulnificus

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50
Q

How can V. cholerae toxin be detected in stool?

A

ELISA

51
Q

What is Vibro vulnificus associated with?

A

associated with fisherman, fishing hook trauma

52
Q

Which Vibrio can be found in people with liver disease?

A

V. vulnificus

53
Q

What can Vibrio vulnificus cause?

A

Can cause septicemia and wound infections leading to cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and can cause multiple organ failure

54
Q

What does Vibrio parahaemolyticus cause and what can it be from?

A

Watery diarrhea; can be caused from eating raw and undercooked seafood, usually self-limiting

Can also be found in wounds, ear, and eye infections

55
Q

What is the least pathogenic of the Vibrio spp?

A

Vibro alginolyticus

56
Q

Vibrio alginolyticus salt requirements

A

Strict halophile; can tolerate up to 10% salt

57
Q

What can Vibro alginolyticus cause or be a hazard for?

A

Can be a hazard for fisherman or sailors (but not as bad as vulnificans).
Nearly all originate from extraintestinal sources such as eye and ear infections, wound and burn infections

58
Q

What are the only colorless colonies on TCBS agar? Why?

A

V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus (they do not ferment sucrose)

59
Q

V. vulnificus lactose fermentation

A

lactose fermenter

60
Q

Which is the only Vibrio that does not require salt to grow?

A

V. cholerae and V. mimicus

61
Q

What are common characteristics of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia sp?

A

GNR, Non-fermenters, Oxidase pos, Nitrate neg

62
Q

Pseudomonas is a glucose ______.

A

oxidizer

63
Q

For the O/F glucose test, if both closed and open tubes are green, what does that mean?

A

No use of glucose at all.

64
Q

For the O/F glucose test, if both closed and open tubes are yellow, what does that mean?

A

Fermenter and oxidizer of glucose

65
Q

For the O/F glucose test, if the open tube is yellow and the closed tube is green, what does that mean?

A

Oxidation of glucose, no fermentation of glucose

66
Q

Pseudomonas and Burkholderia are all motile except for?

A

Burkholderia mallei

67
Q

What temperature may Pseudomonas grow at?

A

42 C

68
Q

Pseudomonas and Burkholderia oxygen requirements

A

aerobic

69
Q

Pseudomonas catalase

A

Positive

70
Q

Pseudomonas and Burkholderia glucose?

A

Oxidizers; not fermenters

71
Q

Epidemiology of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia spp.

A

Environmental bacteria that survive well in aqueous environments

72
Q

TSI slants; what does A stand for and what color will it be? what does K stand for and what color will it be?

A

A = acid (yellow color)
K = alkaline (red color)

73
Q

What color is always underneath black (H2S) on a TSI slant?

A

Yellow (because gas was fermented)

74
Q

What can Burkholderia cepacia cause?

A

pulmonary infection in CF patients; endocarditis, UTI, osteomyelitis in drug addicts

75
Q

Where can Burkholderia cepacia be found?

A

in spas or contaminating eye drops

76
Q

What is the special agar to detect B. cepacia in CF patients?

A

BCSA

77
Q

What can grow on onions?

A

B. cepacia

78
Q

What will B. cepacia look like on BCSA agar?

A

yellow, translucent, smooth to rough and slightly raised

79
Q

B. cepacia oxidase

A

WEAKLY, slowly, oxidase positive

80
Q

Burkholderia cepacia colony morphology

A

yellow/green pigments, rough nonwrinkled serrated edged colonies

81
Q

Burkholderia notable biochemicals

A

Lysine +, Ornithine +, ONPG +, motile, oxidation of sugars

82
Q

Where can you find B. pseudomallei?

A

soil, streams, ponds, and rice paddies

83
Q

What medium is used to isolate B. pseudomallei? What will it look like?

A

Ashdown medium; it will appear violet

84
Q

What does B. pseudomallei cause?

A

Melioidosis

85
Q

What will B. pseudomallei’s gram stain look like?

A

Bipolar staining like safety pins

86
Q

What will B. pseudomallei colonies look like?

A

Wrinkled, dry and green looking, metallic appearance with an earthy odor. Varying degrees of hemolysis

87
Q

What temp does B. pseudomallei grow at?

A

42 C

88
Q

B. pseudomallei notable biochemicals

A

Arginine +, oxidizes lactose, cetrimide negative

89
Q

How can you distinguish B. pseudomallei from Pseudomonas since they are very similar in characteristics?

A

B. pseudomallei has no pyoverdin pigment

90
Q

What is melioidosis and what organism causes this?

A

Aggressive granulomatous pulmonary diseased caused by inhalation ingestion or inoculation (pneumonia-like illness). Caused by P. pseudomallei

91
Q

What disease and what organism is associated with returning Vietnam vets and S.E. Asian immigrants?

A

Melioidosis; B. pseudomallei

92
Q

Notable features of B. mallei

A

Non-motile
Does not grow at 42 C
Causes severe infections in horses

93
Q

What organism is likely if you were in close contact with a horse and are experiencing pulmonary-like infection?

A

B. mallei

94
Q

What organism causes Glanders? What is it associated with?

A

B. mallei; infectious disease associated with horses, donkeys, and goats

95
Q

What can Glanders cause in humans?

A

Transmitted from horses/goats by contact or inhalation and may cause septicemia, local infection with lymphadenopathy, acute pneumonia, or chronic disease

96
Q

Common characteristics of Pseudomonas sp.

A

Motile, Catalase +, NLF, Strictly aerobic

97
Q

What is the most encountered GNR outside of enterobacterales?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

98
Q

What are the three organisms associated with CF patients? How can you differentiate them?

A

B. cepacia, P. aeruginosa, and Stenotrophonomas maltophilia. S. maltophilia is oxidase negative, while the other two are positive.

99
Q

P. aeruginosa exotoxin A function

A

kills host cells by inhibiting protein synthesis

100
Q

P. aeruginosa Exoenzymes S and T function

A

disrupt cytoskeleton organization

101
Q

P. aeruginosa elastases/phospholipase C function

A

destroying cells and tissues

102
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pyocyanin function

A

damages cells by producing reactive oxygen species

103
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alginate function

A

polysaccharide polymer that inhibits phagocytosis

104
Q

What is quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

When neighboring bacterial growth reaches a critical mass, quorum sensing allows P. aeruginosa to produce a biofilm due to alginate overproduction and can allow it to survive harsh environmental conditions

105
Q

Where does P. aeruginosa typically infect?

A

The outer ear, the skin of swimmers or divers

106
Q

What can P. aeruginosa cause?

A

Folliculitis, swimmer’s ear, hot tub rash, nail bed infections

107
Q

How can P. aeruginosa be distinguished from other Pseudomonas?

A

Ability to grow at 42 C and production of pyocyanin and pyoverdin

108
Q

What are the colors that Pseudomonas can show on BAP and MAC?

A

Pyocyanin - blue
Pyoverdin - Green
Pyorubrin - Red
Pyomelanin - Brown

109
Q

Colony morphology of P. aeruginosa

A

Flat, feathered edge with metallic sheen
Beta hemolytic
Odor of grapes

110
Q

Which organism has a polar flagella?

A

P. aeruginosa

111
Q

Notable biochemicals of P. aeruginosa

A

Cetrimide +, Citrate +, Motile, Arginine +, Nitrate +, Oxidase and catalase +, Gelatinase production

112
Q

What two pigments does P. aeruginosa produce? Which other organisms produce these pigments?

A

Pyocyanin - P. aeruginosa is the only one
Pyoverdin - also produced by P. fluorescens, P. putida

113
Q

How can P. monteilii be distinguished from P. putida? How can both of these be distinguished from P. fluorescens?

A

P. monteilii does not oxidize xylose, P. putida does
P. fluorescens liquifies gelatin while both of those organisms do not

114
Q

P. monteilii gelatin and xylose results

A

Gelatin negative
Xylose negative

115
Q

P. putida xylose oxidation and gelatin liquification results

A

Gelatin negative
Xylose positive

116
Q

P. mosselii gelatin and xylose results

A

Gelatin positive
Xylose negative

117
Q

P. fluorescens gelatin and xylose

A

Gelatin positive
Xylose positive

118
Q

Where can P. fluorescens and P. putida be isolated from?

A

Respiratory cultures, contaminated blood products, urine, cosmetics, hospital equipment, and fluids

119
Q

P. fluorescens and P. putida identification

A

No growth at 42 C
Xylose oxidizers
Produce pyoverdin only
Oxidase positive

120
Q

How to differentiate P. putida and P. fluorescens?

A

Gelatin hydrolysis
P. fluorescens is 100% gel positive
P. putida is 100% gel negative

121
Q

Where is pseudomonas stutzeri isolated from?

A

Wounds, urogenital sources, septicemia, pneumonia

122
Q

Colony morphology of Pseudomonas stutzeri

A

Wrinkled, leathery, adherent colonies that produce a light yellow or brown pigment

123
Q

Pseudomonas stutzeri ADH test

A

Negative

124
Q

What organism may be responsible for “sticky eye”? (aka conjunctivitis)

A

P. oryzihabitans

Microbiology (24 decks)

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