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Micro > Viro Summary 2 > Flashcards

Viro Summary 2 Flashcards

1
Q

________ and ________ are nonenveloped and contain a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome.

A

▪︎Reoviruses

▪︎rotaviruses

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2
Q

___________ are the most important cause of diarrheal illness in infants and young children worldwide.

A

Rotaviruses

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3
Q

Occurs readily with rotaviruses.

A

Genetic reassortment

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4
Q

Small nonenveloped viruses with a single-stranded, nonsegmented RNA genome

A

Caliciviruses

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5
Q

_________, a genus of caliciviruses, are the major cause of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis in the world.

A

Noroviruses

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6
Q

___________ and __________ are transmitted primarily by fecal–oral spread; _________ are associated with foodborne and waterborne outbreaks.

A

▪︎Rotaviruses
▪︎and noroviruses
▪︎noroviruses

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7
Q

____________________are available that are safe and effective; there is no norovirus vaccine.

A

Oral live attenuated rotavirus vaccines

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8
Q

Arbovirus diseases fall into three general categories:

A

▪︎fevers (usually benign),
▪︎encephalitides, and
▪︎hemorrhagic fevers.

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9
Q

Major mosquito-borne diseases are

A 
▪︎yellow fever, 
▪︎dengue, 
▪︎Japanese B encephalitis, 
▪︎West Nile fever, and 
▪︎Eastern equine encephalitis
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10
Q

_________________ are antigenically related; all flaviviruses are antigenically related.

A

All alphaviruses, in the Togaviridae family

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11
Q

Inapparent infections are common with the _____________ and neuroinvasion seldom occurs.

A

viral encephalitis viruses

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12
Q

Accidental hosts of arbovirus infections and are not essential for the viral life cycles

A

Humans

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13
Q

Leading cause of arboviral encephalitis in the United States

A

West Nile virus

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14
Q

Distributed worldwide in tropical regions and is probably the most important mosquito-borne viral disease of humans.

A

Dengue

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15
Q

A self-limited disease, but dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome are severe and potentially fatal.

A

Dengue fever

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16
Q

Occurs with secondary infections in the presence of preexisting antibody from a primary infection by a different viral serotype

A

Dengue hemorrhagic fever

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17
Q

It often leaves serious sequelae, but yellow fever infections have none

A

Japanese B encephalitis

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18
Q

Major rodent-borne viral diseases are _______________, __________, and ____________.

A

▪︎hantavirus infections,
▪︎Lassa fever,
▪︎and South American hemorrhagic fevers

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19
Q

The reservoir hosts for African hemorrhagic fevers, Marburg and Ebola, are suspected to be ______

A

bats or possibly rodents

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20
Q

________________________ are caused by bunyaviruses (hantaviruses) and arenaviruses (Lassa fever).

A

Rodent-borne hemorrhagic fevers

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21
Q

__________ of many arbovirus infections involves protection against mosquito or tick bites, mosquito control, wearing of protective clothing, use of repellent chemicals, or avoidance of infested areas

A

Prevention

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22
Q

__________ are major respiratory pathogens

A

Influenza viruses

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23
Q

Highly variable antigenically and causes most epidemics and all global pandemics

A

Influenza type A

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24
Q

Sometimes undergoes antigenic changes and can cause epidemics.

A

Influenza type B

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25
Q

Antigenically stable.

A

Influenza type C

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26
Q

Found in aquatic birds, ducks, domestic poultry, pigs, and horses

A

Influenza A strains

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27
Q

The __________________________ consisting of _________________

A

▪︎viral genome is single-stranded, negative-sense RNA

▪︎eight separate segments

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28
Q

Surface glycoproteins, ____ and ____, determine influenza virus antigenicity and host immunity

A

▪︎HA

▪︎NA

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29
Q

Minor antigenic changes in HA and NA, termed __________, occur independently and are caused by accumulation of point mutations.

A

antigenic drift

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30
Q

A major antigenic change in HA or NA, called __________, results in a new influenza virus subtype and is caused by genetic reassortment of genome segments between human and animal viruses.

A

antigenic shift

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31
Q

Immunity to influenza is long lived and subtype specific.

A

Only antibodies to HA and NA are protective.

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32
Q

Cause sporadic human infections but have not acquired the ability for sustained human-to-human transmission.

A

▪︎Avian influenza A viruses,
▪︎H5N1,
▪︎H7N9, and
▪︎H9N2

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33
Q

Transmitted by contact or large droplets and initiate infections through the respiratory tract.

A

Paramyxoviruses

34
Q

The ____________ for paramyxoviruses ______ in the cytoplasm of cells

A

▪︎entire viral replication cycle

▪︎occurs

35
Q

Most important cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children.

A

Respiratory syncytial virus

36
Q

____________ occurs most often in infants ages 6 weeks to 6 months.

A

Serious bronchiolitis or pneumonia

37
Q

Respiratory pathogens for young children, immunocompromised individuals, and elderly adults. Disease resembles that of respiratory syncytial virus.

A

Human metapneumoviruses

38
Q

Cause respiratory illnesses in all ages; most serious disease occurs in infants and young children

A

Parainfluenza viruses

39
Q

Preferred method for diagnosis of respiratory virus infections.

A

Detection of viral RNA or viral antigens

40
Q

Approved for treatment of respiratory syncytial virus disease in infant

A

Ribavirin

41
Q

____________ are common with the respiratory viruses

A

Reinfections

42
Q

A systemic disease, with about half of infections causing swelling of the salivary glands. Many infections are asymptomatic

A

Mumps

43
Q

A highly infectious, disseminated infection characterized by a rash.

A

Measles (rubeola)

44
Q

___________________________________, respiratory syncytial virus, or human metapneumoviruses. Effective vaccines exist for both measles and mumps

A

No vaccines are available for parainfluenza viruses

45
Q

______________ and _____________ are animal paramyxoviruses able to infect humans; they cause encephalitis with a high mortality rate. There is no treatment

A

▪︎Hendra

▪︎and Nipah viruses

46
Q

Classified as a togavirus but is not transmitted by arthropods. It is the mildest of the common viral exanthems

A

Rubella (German measles)

47
Q

During early pregnancy can result in serious harm to the fetus, including fetal death.

A

Rubella infection

48
Q

Prevented by childhood vaccination so that women of

childbearing age are immune.

A

rubella vaccine

49
Q

Enveloped and contain a genome of single-stranded positive-sense RNA that is the largest genome among RNA viruses.

A

Coronaviruses

50
Q

Typically cause common colds

A

Human coronaviruses

51
Q

Originated in a nonhuman host caused a worldwide outbreak of SARS in 2003.

A

novel coronavirus

52
Q

__________ was first detected in 2012, and can cause severe respiratory disease in some patients.

A

MERS-CoV

53
Q

There is ________ and _________ for coronaviruses.

A

▪︎no proven treatment

▪︎no vaccine

54
Q

A viral encephalitis that is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. It is caused by an RNA virus classified as a rhabdovirus

A

Rabies

55
Q

Humans get infected with ___________ from a rabid animal. The incubation period can range from 1 week to more than a year

A

rabies by a bite

56
Q

There are no tests to diagnose rabies infections in humans before disease develops. There is no successful treatment for clinical rabies.

A

no tests to diagnose

57
Q

Consists of administration of rabies antibody, rabies vaccine, or both, following a possible exposure

A

Postexposure prophylaxis

58
Q

Rare and fatal central nervous system disease caused by measles virus

A

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

59
Q

Rare, usually fatal, central nervous system disease caused by polyomavirus JC virus in immunosuppressed individuals.

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

60
Q

Caused by unconventional agents with properties of infectious protein

A

prion diseases (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)

61
Q

_____________ include kuru, CJD, and variant CJD

A

Human prion diseases

62
Q

Very resistant to inactivation, including formaldehyde, boiling, and radiation; they can be inactivated by bleach and autoclaving

A

Prion agents

63
Q

Also considered a cancer agent because of the immune suppression associated with infection by the virus

A

HIV

64
Q

_________ and _________ are used to explore mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis.

A

Animal models and cultured cells

65
Q

Revealed the roles of cellular oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer and fostered the recognition of the molecular basis of carcinogenesi

A

Studies with tumor viruses

66
Q

Establish persistent infections in hosts, with long latent periods between initial infection and tumor appearance.

A

Tumor viruses

67
Q

______________ are much more common than virus-related tumor formation

A

Cancer virus infections

68
Q

A disease first described in 1981

A

HIV causes AIDS

69
Q

Now a worldwide epidemic; more than 35 million people are living with HIV/AIDS.

A

HIV/AIDS

70
Q

A lentivirus, a type of retrovirus.

A

HIV

71
Q

Derived from primate lentiviruses common in Africa

A

▪︎HIV-1

▪︎and HIV-2

72
Q

Transmitted during sexual contact, through parenteral exposure to contaminated blood or blood products, and from mother to child during the perinatal period

A

HIV

73
Q

HIV uses ___ as a receptor

A

CD4

74
Q

During ____________, there is a high level of HIV replication and a decline in CD4 T lymphocytes.

A

clinical latency

75
Q

Develop both humoral and cellular immunity against HIV antigens, but these responses do not clear the infection

A

HIV-infected persons

76
Q

Major causes of morbidity and mortality among HIVinfected individuals are _____________ (those rarely seen in immunocompetent people) and ___________.

A

▪︎opportunistic infections

▪︎neurologic symptoms that usually occur when CD4 T-cell counts fall below 200 cells/μL

77
Q

Therapy with combinations of antiretroviral drugs can _____________.

A

turn HIV infection into a chronic disease.

78
Q

AIDS-defining cancers that occur in untreated infected individuals include __________, _____________ and _____________.

A

▪︎Kaposi sarcoma,
▪︎cervical cancer,
▪︎and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

79
Q

______________ on effective drug therapy are at risk for several non-AIDSdefining cancers, including _____ and ____, ____, and ______________.

A

▪︎Longer-lived patients
▪︎head and neck,
▪︎liver,
▪︎and oral malignancies

80
Q

Can be used for prevention of infection.

A

HIV drugs

Micro (17 decks)

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