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micro > Viro Summary > Flashcards

Viro Summary Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest infectious agents and contain only one type of nucleic acid

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Viruses are classified into groups, designated virus families, based on common properties,

A

▪︎virion morphology,
▪︎genome structure,
▪︎virus protein properties, and
▪︎strategies of replication.

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3
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites and multiply

only in living cells.

A

Viruses

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4
Q

Encodes virusspecific products, and the host cell provides energy, biochemical
precursors, and biosynthetic machinery.

A

viral nucleic acid

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5
Q

Attachment to a cell via binding to specific receptors on the cell surface, entry into the cell, uncoating of the viral genome, regulated expression of viral transcripts, synthesis of viral proteins, replication of viral genomic nucleic acid, assembly of new progeny viruses, and release of new virions from the cell.

A

Steps in viral replication

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6
Q

Some viruses are _________ based on ease of host-to-host transmission and mortality rates.

A

potential bioterrorism agents

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7
Q

A process when a virus infects a host.

A

Viral pathogenesis

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8
Q

Most viruses enter their hosts ________

A

through the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract.

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9
Q

Most viral infections are _____ and do not result in clinical disease.

A

inapparent

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10
Q

Most viral infections are _______ and are cleared by the host, but some lead to chronic (persistent) long-term infections.

A

self-limiting

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11
Q

Cytokines that are central to the antiviral innate immune response of the host.

A

Interferons

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12
Q

______ determine the outcome of viral infections

A

viral and host factors

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13
Q

Some viruses cause ___________ at the primary site of entry; other viruses spread and produce disease at distant sites in the body

A

localized infections

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14
Q

Most effective method for preventing viral infections.

A

Viral vaccines

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15
Q

Both ______ and _______ vaccines are available

A

▪︎killed-virus

▪︎live-virus

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16
Q

Parvoviruses are small viruses with

A

single-stranded DNA genomes.

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17
Q

Human B19 virus targets

A

erythroid progenitor cells.

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18
Q

B19 is associated with

A

erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), transient aplastic crisis, pure red cell aplasia, and hydrops fetalis

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19
Q

Associated with acute respiratory disease and gastroenteritis in children, but causation has not been proven

A

Human bocaviruses

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20
Q

Nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses with a DNA genome.

A

Adenoviruses

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21
Q

Adenoviruses are excellent models for molecular studies of ________

A

eukaryotic cell processes

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22
Q

Establish long-term latent infections in tonsils and adenoids.

A

Group C viruses

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23
Q

Group C viruses cause respiratory infections in children ______ and in military recruits _______.

A

▪︎types 1–7

▪︎types 3, 4, 7

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24
Q

______ severe eye infections (epidemic keratoconjunctivitis).

A

Types 8, 19, and 37

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25
Q

_______ causes gastroenteritis in young children.

A

▪︎Enteric adenoviruses,

▪︎types 40 and 41

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26
Q

Adenoviruses can cause severe disseminated disease in _______ and _________.

A

▪︎immunocompromised and

▪︎transplant patients.

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27
Q

There are no specific treatments for ___________.

A

adenovirus infections.

28
Q

________ are large viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome

A

Herpesviruses

29
Q

All herpesviruses establish

A

lifelong latent infections

30
Q

Herpesviruses may cause severe disease in __________.

A

immunocompromised persons

31
Q

__________ share some sequence homology, exhibit a broad host range, grow rapidly, and establish latent infections in nerve cells

A

Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2

32
Q

_________ is classically associated with oropharyngeal lesions, and ______ with genital infections.

A

▪︎Herpes simplex virus type 1

▪︎type 2

33
Q

__________ is the most common cause of sporadic, fatal encephalitis

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1

34
Q

_________ causes chickenpox on primary infection in children and _______ after reactivation in adults.

A

▪︎Varicella-zoster virus

▪︎zoster (shingles)

35
Q

A ____________ is available. A stronger version of the vaccine is licensed to prevent shingles in older individuals.

A

Live, attenuated varicella vaccine

36
Q

____________ are important causes of developmental defects and mental retardation after congenital infections

A

Cytomegaloviruses

37
Q

Inapparent infections with cytomegalovirus are common during _________.

A

childhood

38
Q

__________ are at risk for reactivated cytomegalovirus disease, especially pneumonia.

A

Organ transplant recipients

39
Q

Establishes latent infections in B lymphocytes.

A

Epstein-Barr virus

40
Q

Epstein-Barr virus causes ________ and is associated with several human cancers, including __________ and ____________.

A

▪︎infectious mononucleosis
▪︎Burkitt lymphoma
▪︎nasopharyngeal carcinoma

41
Q

___________ is the cause of Kaposi sarcoma, a vascular tumor.

A

Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus

42
Q

Large and complex viruses that contain many enzymes, including a transcriptional system.

A

Poxviruses

43
Q

Family Poxviridae includes _______, the agent of smallpox, the first viral disease eradicated from the earth.

A

variola virus

44
Q

Poxviruses encode _______ that inhibit the host immune defense system.

A

proteins

45
Q

Used for smallpox vaccination and as a laboratory model for poxviruses.

A

Vaccinia virus

46
Q

There is a _____________ in association with immunodeficiency, immunosuppression, malignancies, and pregnancy

A

risk with smallpox vaccination

47
Q

Most poxvirus infections are accompanied by a _________.

A

vesicular rash

48
Q

A potential biothreat agent because the human population today has little or no immunity

A

Smallpox virus

49
Q

Patients with symptoms suggestive of pox viruses need to be _________ until smallpox is excluded diagnostically.

A

isolated with supportive treatment

50
Q

Causes benign epidermal tumors.

A

Molluscum contagiosum

51
Q

____ and _____ are transmitted by fecal–oral exposures

A

▪︎HAV and

▪︎HEV

52
Q

_____, _____, and ______ are transmitted by parenteral routes.

A

▪︎HBV,
▪︎HCV, and
▪︎HDV

52
Q

Causes outbreaks of disease, often in camps or institutions

A

HAV

53
Q

Whereas ____, _____, and ______ frequently establish chronic infections, ____ and ___ do not.

A

▪︎HBV, HCV, and HDV

▪︎HAV and HEV

54
Q

Most individuals ____________ as infants develop chronic infections and are at risk for liver disease as adults.

A

infected with HBV

55
Q

The ____________ lead to chronic infections even in adults; those individuals are at risk of later development of liver disease.

A

majority of HCV infections

56
Q

____________ is the most frequent cause for adult liver transplantation

A

Liver disease associated with HCV

57
Q

______________ carriers may lead to highly fatal fulminant hepatitis

A

HDV superinfections of HBV

58
Q

___ and ___ are both causes of liver cancer that may arise many years after infection.

A

▪︎HBV and

▪︎HCV

59
Q

__________ are available against HAV and HBV.

A

Virus vaccines

60
Q

__________ are small, nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA-containing viruses that replicate in the ________.

A

▪︎Picornaviruses

▪︎cytoplasm

61
Q

Diseases caused by these viruses include ___________________.

A 
▪︎paralysis, 
▪︎aseptic meningitis, 
▪︎pleurodynia, 
▪︎myocarditis, 
▪︎hepatitis, 
▪︎skin lesions, 
▪︎respiratory illnesses, 
▪︎diarrhea, 
▪︎fevers, 
▪︎common colds, 
▪︎conjunctivitis, and 
▪︎severe disease of infants.
62
Q

Cause the common cold.

A

Rhinoviruses

63
Q

___________ is the usual means of enterovirus spread; sources can involve water, food, hands, and utensils.

A

Fecal contamination

64
Q

Transmitted by virus-contaminated respiratory secretions, with hand contamination an important mode of spread

A

Rhinoviruses

65
Q

Subclinical infection with __________ is far more common than clinical disease.

A

enteroviruses

66
Q

A serious and highly contagious disease of animals, is caused by an unrelated picornavirus classified in the Aphthovirus genus.

A

Foot-and-mouth disease

micro (17 decks)

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