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Viro Summary Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest infectious agents and contain only one type of nucleic acid

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Viruses are classified into groups, designated virus families, based on common properties,

A

▪︎virion morphology,
▪︎genome structure,
▪︎virus protein properties, and
▪︎strategies of replication.

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3
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites and multiply

only in living cells.

A

Viruses

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4
Q

Encodes virusspecific products, and the host cell provides energy, biochemical
precursors, and biosynthetic machinery.

A

viral nucleic acid

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5
Q

Attachment to a cell via binding to specific receptors on the cell surface, entry into the cell, uncoating of the viral genome, regulated expression of viral transcripts, synthesis of viral proteins, replication of viral genomic nucleic acid, assembly of new progeny viruses, and release of new virions from the cell.

A

Steps in viral replication

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6
Q

Some viruses are _________ based on ease of host-to-host transmission and mortality rates.

A

potential bioterrorism agents

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7
Q

A process when a virus infects a host.

A

Viral pathogenesis

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8
Q

Most viruses enter their hosts ________

A

through the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract.

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9
Q

Most viral infections are _____ and do not result in clinical disease.

A

inapparent

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10
Q

Most viral infections are _______ and are cleared by the host, but some lead to chronic (persistent) long-term infections.

A

self-limiting

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11
Q

Cytokines that are central to the antiviral innate immune response of the host.

A

Interferons

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12
Q

______ determine the outcome of viral infections

A

viral and host factors

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13
Q

Some viruses cause ___________ at the primary site of entry; other viruses spread and produce disease at distant sites in the body

A

localized infections

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14
Q

Most effective method for preventing viral infections.

A

Viral vaccines

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15
Q

Both ______ and _______ vaccines are available

A

▪︎killed-virus

▪︎live-virus

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16
Q

Parvoviruses are small viruses with

A

single-stranded DNA genomes.

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17
Q

Human B19 virus targets

A

erythroid progenitor cells.

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18
Q

B19 is associated with

A

erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), transient aplastic crisis, pure red cell aplasia, and hydrops fetalis

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19
Q

Associated with acute respiratory disease and gastroenteritis in children, but causation has not been proven

A

Human bocaviruses

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20
Q

Nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses with a DNA genome.

A

Adenoviruses

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21
Q

Adenoviruses are excellent models for molecular studies of ________

A

eukaryotic cell processes

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22
Q

Establish long-term latent infections in tonsils and adenoids.

A

Group C viruses

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23
Q

Group C viruses cause respiratory infections in children ______ and in military recruits _______.

A

▪︎types 1–7

▪︎types 3, 4, 7

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24
Q

______ severe eye infections (epidemic keratoconjunctivitis).

A

Types 8, 19, and 37

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25
_______ causes gastroenteritis in young children.
▪︎Enteric adenoviruses, | ▪︎types 40 and 41
26
Adenoviruses can cause severe disseminated disease in _______ and _________.
▪︎immunocompromised and | ▪︎transplant patients.
27
There are no specific treatments for ___________.
adenovirus infections.
28
________ are large viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome
Herpesviruses
29
All herpesviruses establish
lifelong latent infections
30
Herpesviruses may cause severe disease in __________.
immunocompromised persons
31
__________ share some sequence homology, exhibit a broad host range, grow rapidly, and establish latent infections in nerve cells
Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2
32
_________ is classically associated with oropharyngeal lesions, and ______ with genital infections.
▪︎Herpes simplex virus type 1 | ▪︎type 2
33
__________ is the most common cause of sporadic, fatal encephalitis
Herpes simplex virus type 1
34
_________ causes chickenpox on primary infection in children and _______ after reactivation in adults.
▪︎Varicella-zoster virus | ▪︎zoster (shingles)
35
A ____________ is available. A stronger version of the vaccine is licensed to prevent shingles in older individuals.
Live, attenuated varicella vaccine
36
____________ are important causes of developmental defects and mental retardation after congenital infections
Cytomegaloviruses
37
Inapparent infections with cytomegalovirus are common during _________.
childhood
38
__________ are at risk for reactivated cytomegalovirus disease, especially pneumonia.
Organ transplant recipients
39
Establishes latent infections in B lymphocytes.
Epstein-Barr virus
40
Epstein-Barr virus causes ________ and is associated with several human cancers, including __________ and ____________.
▪︎infectious mononucleosis ▪︎Burkitt lymphoma ▪︎nasopharyngeal carcinoma
41
___________ is the cause of Kaposi sarcoma, a vascular tumor.
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus
42
Large and complex viruses that contain many enzymes, including a transcriptional system.
Poxviruses
43
Family Poxviridae includes _______, the agent of smallpox, the first viral disease eradicated from the earth.
variola virus
44
Poxviruses encode _______ that inhibit the host immune defense system.
proteins
45
Used for smallpox vaccination and as a laboratory model for poxviruses.
Vaccinia virus
46
There is a _____________ in association with immunodeficiency, immunosuppression, malignancies, and pregnancy
risk with smallpox vaccination
47
Most poxvirus infections are accompanied by a _________.
vesicular rash
48
A potential biothreat agent because the human population today has little or no immunity
Smallpox virus
49
Patients with symptoms suggestive of pox viruses need to be _________ until smallpox is excluded diagnostically.
isolated with supportive treatment
50
Causes benign epidermal tumors.
Molluscum contagiosum
51
____ and _____ are transmitted by fecal–oral exposures
▪︎HAV and | ▪︎HEV
52
_____, _____, and ______ are transmitted by parenteral routes.
▪︎HBV, ▪︎HCV, and ▪︎HDV
52
Causes outbreaks of disease, often in camps or institutions
HAV
53
Whereas ____, _____, and ______ frequently establish chronic infections, ____ and ___ do not.
▪︎HBV, HCV, and HDV | ▪︎HAV and HEV
54
Most individuals ____________ as infants develop chronic infections and are at risk for liver disease as adults.
infected with HBV
55
The ____________ lead to chronic infections even in adults; those individuals are at risk of later development of liver disease.
majority of HCV infections
56
____________ is the most frequent cause for adult liver transplantation
Liver disease associated with HCV
57
______________ carriers may lead to highly fatal fulminant hepatitis
HDV superinfections of HBV
58
___ and ___ are both causes of liver cancer that may arise many years after infection.
▪︎HBV and | ▪︎HCV
59
__________ are available against HAV and HBV.
Virus vaccines
60
__________ are small, nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA-containing viruses that replicate in the ________.
▪︎Picornaviruses | ▪︎cytoplasm
61
Diseases caused by these viruses include ___________________.
``` ▪︎paralysis, ▪︎aseptic meningitis, ▪︎pleurodynia, ▪︎myocarditis, ▪︎hepatitis, ▪︎skin lesions, ▪︎respiratory illnesses, ▪︎diarrhea, ▪︎fevers, ▪︎common colds, ▪︎conjunctivitis, and ▪︎severe disease of infants. ```
62
Cause the common cold.
Rhinoviruses
63
___________ is the usual means of enterovirus spread; sources can involve water, food, hands, and utensils.
Fecal contamination
64
Transmitted by virus-contaminated respiratory secretions, with hand contamination an important mode of spread
Rhinoviruses
65
Subclinical infection with __________ is far more common than clinical disease.
enteroviruses
66
A serious and highly contagious disease of animals, is caused by an unrelated picornavirus classified in the Aphthovirus genus.
Foot-and-mouth disease

Micro (17 decks)

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