Viral Hepatitis Flashcards
If a patient presents with jaundice, all of the following investigations should be performed EXCEPT which one?
1 - Viral Serology – hepatitis A, B, C, and E, EBV, CMV, HIV
2 - Antibodies (AMA, SMA, LKM1, immunoglobulins (for PBC and autoimmune hepatitis)
3 - Ferritin and transferrin saturations (Haemochromatosis)
4 - Caeruloplasmin and copper (for Wilson’s Disease)
5 - Alpha 1 antitrypsin levels (for alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency)
6 - Alphafetoprotein (AFP) to exclude HCC
7 - Brain natriuretic peptide 32 (BNP)
7 - Brain natriuretic peptide 32 (BNP)
Which of the following is NOT a cause of hepatitis?
1 - drugs such as paracetamol
2 - alcohol
3 - viruses
4 - autoimmune disease.
5 - heart failure
5 - heart failure
Patients with hepatitis can present with all of the following EXCEPT which one?
1 - nausea and vomiting
2 - fevers
3 - enlarged appendix
4 - joint pain and muscle aches
5 - jaundice
6 - abdominal pain
7 - itchy skin
8 - pale stools and dark urine
3 - enlarged appendix
Patients with hepatitis can present with pale stools. This is because a specific molecule is missing that makes our stool brown. What is the name of this missing compound?
1 - urobilligen
2 - stercobilin
3 - stercobilinogen
4 - heme
2 - stercobilin
- liver is unable to synthesis bile
- stercobilin is a breadkdown product of bile in the GIT
- stercobilin makes stool brown
Patients with hepatitis can present with dark urine. This is because a specific molecule is missing that makes our stool brown. What is the name of this missing compound?
1 - urobilligen
2 - stercobilin
3 - stercobilinogen
4 - heme
1 - urobilligen
- reabsorbed from GIT and some sent to kidneys
- urobilligen converted to urobilin, which gives urine its yellow colour
- if liver isn’t functioning, all urobilinogen is sent to the kidney making urine darker
What is the difference between acute and chronic hepatitis?
- acute = <6 months
- chronic = >6 months
- chronic means inflammation perseveres
- inflammation leads to scarring, fibrosis and cirrhosis
What common drug can cause acute hepatitis?
1 - Naloxone
2 - Acetaminophen
3 - NSAIDs
4 - Ramipril
2 - Acetaminophen
- more commonly known as paracetamol
There are a number of virus that can cause acute hepatitis, including A, B, C, D and E. Which 2 of these cause only acute hepatitis?
- hepatitis A and E
- spread in food, dirty water and through faecal matter
- common in travellers
- REMEMBER A+E are vowels so its in the bowels
- E can also be transmitted via blood products
Hepatitis causes by viruses A and E can both be transmitted through faecal matter and and contaminated food and water, and is common in travellers. Which antibody is high in active acute hepatitis caused by A and E viruses?
1 - IgG
2 - IgA
3 - IgM
4 - IgE
5 - IgD
3 - IgM
- IgM is the first antibody secreted by the adaptive immune system in response to a foreign antigen.
Hepatitis causes by viruses A and E can both be transmitted through faecal matter and and contaminated food and water, and is common in travellers. Which antibody is high in patients in recovery or vaccinated in acute hepatitis caused by A and E viruses?
1 - IgG
2 - IgA
3 - IgM
4 - IgE
5 - IgD
1 - IgG
- levels are high either due to vaccination, or the patient is producing IgG to fight the virus
Hepatitis causes by viruses A and E can both be transmitted through faecal matter and and contaminated food and water, and is common in travellers. Although viruses A and E are very similar, which of these can be very dangerous in pregnancy?
- E
- no vaccine available and can cause acute liver failure
- middle aged men are most commonly affected
When looking at hepatitis A and E, do they both cause acute and chronic hepatitis?
- no
- E can cause acute and chronic hepatitis
- immunosuppressed are at particular risk
There are a number of virus that can cause acute hepatitis, including A, B, C, D and E. Which 2 of these can cause acute and chronic hepatitis?
- hepatits B and C
- transmitted through bodily fluids and circulation
- generally spread by blood-to-blood contact associated with injection drug use, poorly sterilized medical equipment, needlestick injuries in healthcare, and transfusions
All of the following are modes of transmission for hepatitis B and C, EXCEPT which one?
1 - contaminated water
2 - unprotected sex
3 - needle sharing
4 - childbirth
1 - contaminated water
- essentially viruses B and C are transmitted in the blood
All of the following are modes of transmission for hepatitis B and C, EXCEPT which one?
1 - contaminated water
2 - unprotected sex
3 - needle sharing
4 - childbirth
1 - contaminated water
- essentially viruses B and C are transmitted in the blood