Cancer Flashcards
There were around 10 millions deaths due to cancer in 2020. What fraction of these deaths were attributed to modifiable risk factors, such as tobacco, alcohol, BMI etc..?
1 - 1/3
2 - 2/3
3 - 1/2
1 - 1/3
What is the most common cancer worldwide?
1 - breast
2 - lung
3 - colon
4 - prostate
1 - breast
- prostate us most common in UK
- lung cancer kills more though
Genes are inherited from parents and are essentially the instructions to produce proteins. What is the exon parts of a gene?
1 - coding part of gene
2 - non-coding part of gene
3 - nucleotide backbone of DNA
4 - contains start sequence for transcription
1 - coding part of gene
Genes are inherited from parents and are essentially the instructions to produce proteins. What is an intron part of a gene?
1 - coding part of gene
2 - non-coding part of gene
3 - nucleotide backbone of DNA
4 - contains start sequence for transcription
2 - non-coding part of gene
Typically we see higher cancer incidence in older patients. Why is this?
1 - immunocompromised
2 - increased genetic variability
3 - increased genetic mutations
4 - all of the above
3 - increased genetic mutations
- cells continually divide throughout life
- increased cell turnover = increased risk of mutations
- longer we live = more mutations and greater risk of cancers
Are all cancers acquired through mutations as we age?
- no
- can be inherited, with mutations in gametes and their precursors
What is a mutation in the DNA?
1 - altered instructions for a protein
2 - altered protein function
3 - altered protein structure
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
- change in instructions will affect the structure and function of the protein being made
What is an allele?
1 - variations in chromosome shape and number
2 - variations of a specific gene
3 - variations in genes susceptible to cancer
4 - variations in the number of SNPs
2 - variations of a specific gene
- we get a gene from each parent for the same traits
- different versions of the same gene
What is a germline mutation?
1 - mutation in a single nucleotide
2 - a chromosome is missing
3 - mutations present in gametes that is passed on to offspring
4 - mutations passed on in somatic cells
3 - mutations present in gametes that is passed on to offspring
- gametes are eggs in women and sperm in men
- these are inherited
What is a proto-oncogene?
1 - mutated gene causing abnormal cell growth and division in cell cycle
2 - gene responsible for negative regulation of cell growth and division in cell cycle
3 - gene responsible for positive regulation of cell growth and division in cell cycle
4 - mutated gene unable to control cell growth and division in cell cycle
3 - gene responsible for positive regulation of cell growth and division in cell cycle
- these genes produce proteins that accelerate normal cell growth and division in the cell cycle
What is a tumour suppressor gene?
1 - mutated gene causing abnormal cell growth and division in cell cycle
2 - gene responsible for negative regulation of cell growth and division in cell cycle
3 - gene responsible for positive regulation of cell growth and division in cell cycle
4 - mutated gene unable to control cell growth and division in cell cycle
2 - gene responsible for negative regulation of cell growth and division in cell cycle
- these genes produce proteins involved in DNA repair and inhibit transcription factors
- they are able to induce apoptosis if a cell is abnormal or growing too fast
What is a oncogene?
1 - mutated gene causing abnormal cell growth and division in cell cycle
2 - gene responsible for negative regulation of cell growth and division in cell cycle
3 - gene responsible for positive regulation of cell growth and division in cell cycle
4 - mutated gene unable to control cell growth and division in cell cycle
1 - mutated gene causing abnormal cell growth and division in cell cycle
- caused by mutation to proto-oncogene
- leads to uncontrollable cell growth and division
What is the most common cause for genetic variation?
1 - single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)
2 - DNA mismatching
3 - mutations in whole gene sequence
4 - mutations in mitochondrial DNA
1 - single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP
- one nucleotide: A, cytosine, or C, thymine, or T and guanine, or G is changed
- this can affect the structure and function of the protein encoded by the gene
What is a Cancer Predisposition Genes?
1 - mutations in proto-oncogenes
2 - mutations in tumour suppressor genes
3 - genes susceptible to single nucleotide polymorphism’s
4 - genes in which germline mutations lead to increased risks of cancer
4 - genes in which germline mutations lead to increased risks of cancer
Although inherited oncogenes are rare, as in most cases they would be lethal, there are some that we are aware of. Which of the following is an example of an inherited oncogene that causes cancer?
1 - Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
type 2
2 - T1DM
3 - Hyperparathyroidism
4 - Hirschsprung disease
1 - Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2
- patients present with medullary thyroid cancer, phaeochromocytomas, parathyroid adenomas, hyperparathyroidism