Malaria Flashcards
What are plasmodium?
1 - fungi
2 - bacteria
3 - virus
4 - protozoan
4 - protozoan
- single cell parasite
- plasmodium is a genus then within this there will be species
What % of deaths due to malaria occur in children <5 y/o?
1 - 20%
2 - 35%
4 - 44%
4 - 67%
4 - 67%
- 1 child dies every minute from malaria
If someone has had International travel, which of the following should we suspect the most for risk of malaria?
1 - Russia
2 - Australia
3 - Africa
4 - Japan
3 - Africa
- Nigeria accounts for the majority of malaria cases
What is the single most important infection that travellers returning to the UK are infected with?
1 - TB
2 - hepatitis B
3 - malaria
4 - impetigo
3 - malaria
- 1300-1800/year
- kills 6/year in the UK
There are 5 main species of Plasmodium that we need to be aware of. Which of the following is most common?
1 - P. falciparum
2 - P. vivax
3 - P. ovale
4 - P. malarie
5 - P. knowlesi
1 - P. falciparum
- the incidence of each species is affected by geographical distribution, lifecycle, clinical features, demographics and reservoir
Patients infected with malaria can present with fever paroxysms, which is essentially where a patient experiences fevers and chills intermittently. P. falciparum is the most common cause of malaria and causes malignant tertian fever paroxysms. What time period does the malignant tertian fever paroxysm occur in a patient infected with P. falciparum?
1 - 12h
2 - 24h
3 - 48h
4 - 72h
3 - 48h
P. vivax = Benign tertian 48 hours
P. ovale =Benign tertian 48 hours
P. malarie = Quartan 72 hours
What are the 2 main tissues/organs infected initially by malaria?
1 - WBCs
2 - spleen
3 - liver
4 - RBCs
3 - liver
4 - RBCs
Once a human has been infected by plasmodium, the parasite makes its way to the liver. What is this stage of the parasites life cycle called?
1 - erythrocytic phase
2 - reproductive phase
3 - exoerythrocytic phase
4 - replicative phase
3 - exoerythrocytic phase
- because it occurs outside the RBCs
- replication here is aysexual and typically patients are asymptomatic
In the exoerythrocytic phase which occurs in the liver, the parasites take over hepatocytes and those infected hepatocytes become what?
1 - gametocytes
2 - merozoites
3 - sporozoites
4 - schiizont
4 - schiizont
the schiizont contains lots of merozoites and eventually ruptures releasing the merozoites into the blood
In the exoerythrocytic phase which occurs in the liver the parasites become schiizon. Do all species of the plasmodium become schiizont?
- no
- P. vivax and ovale do not divide and become hypnotise
What is the name of the life cycle phase called when the schiizonts enter the blood stream and infect the RBCs?
1 - erythrocytic phase
2 - reproductive phase
3 - exoerythrocytic phase
4 - replicative phase
1 - erythrocytic phase
- because it occurs in RBCs
During the erythrocytic phase of the life cycle of plasmodium, schiizonts are formed from mature liver hepatocytes that contain lots of merozoites. The schiizonts typically rupture releasing merozoites into the blood. The merozoites then bind and enter RBCs where they mature called the erythrocytic phase. They resemble a ring early on and is called what?
1 - early trophozoite
2 - merozoites
3 - sporozoites
4 - schiizont
1 - early trophozoite
- it can then develop into a late trophozoite
The late trophozoite are able to continue to grow in RBCs by digesting what within the cells?
1 - cholesterol
2 - haemoglobin
3 - phospholipids
4 - glucose
2 - haemoglobin
- this is why we can see anaemia in malaria patients
Which part of the erythrocytic phase is where merozoites actually replicate?
1 - early trophozoite
2 - late trophozoite
3 - schizont
4 - throughout erythrocytic phase
3 - schizont
- these can then differentiate into lots of merozoites and be released into the blood
Once schizont has developed, they can then differentiate into lots of merozoites and be released into the blood and repeat the erythrocytic phase. Does this happen to all merozoites?
- no
- some undergo gametogony
- merozoites become gametocytes, which is where they can differentiate into male or female versions BUT remain in RBCs
Merozoites that undergo gametogony can become gametocytes, which is where they can differentiate into male or female versions and remain in RBCs. If a mosquito then samples that RBC what happens to these gametocytes?
1 - the mosquito becomes infected and dies
2 - the gametocytes differentiates back into a merozoites
3 - gametocytes enter GIT of mosquito and become a zygote
4 - all of the above
3 - gametocytes enter GIT of mosquito and become a zygote
Once inside the GIT of a mosquito, the gametocytes matures before becoming a zygote through sexual reproduction. Organise the subsequent steps of the plsamodium life cycle?
1 - sporozoites travel from the GIT to the salivary glands of mosquito
2 - oocyst develops
3 - zygote matures and becomes an ookineat
4 - oocyst ruptures inside mosquitos gut
3 - zygote matures and becomes an ookineat
2 - oocyst develops
4 - oocyst ruptures inside mosquitos gut
1 - sporozoites travel from the GIT to the salivary glands of mosquito