Encephalitis Flashcards
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain (parenchyma), which is typically cause by an infection. How common is encephalitis?
1 - 40/year
2 - 400/year
3 - 4000/year
4 - 40,000/year
3 - 4000/year
What is meningoencephalitis?
- combination of meningitis and encephalitis
Which of the following does NOT typically cause encephalitis?
1 - virus
2 - bacteria
3 - parasites
4 - fungi
4 - fungi
- virus is the most common cause
Encephalitis can lead to Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). What is ADEM?
1 - anaphylactic shock to treatment for encephalitis
2 - inflammation of the meninges and brain parenchyma
3 - immune response that attacks the brain
3 - immune response that attacks the brain
- leads to subsequent inflammation of the brain
In western settings what is the incidence of Encephalitis?
1 - 0.7-13.8 per 100 000
2 - 7-23.8 per 100 000
3 - 17-38 per 100 000
4 - 0.7-80 per 100 000
1 - 0.7-13.8 per 100 000
- generally more common in immunocompromised patients
Who is more at risk of developing Encephalitis?
1 - older ages
2 - younger ages
3 - immunocompromised
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
In western settings the incidence of Encephalitis is 0.7-13.8 per 100 000 people. What is the most common cause?
1 - herpes simplex virus
2 - varicella-zoster virus
3 - enterovirus
4 - cytomegalovirus
1 - herpes simplex virus
- generally due to an infection elsewhere in the body
- HSV-1 is more common
- HSV-2 does occur as well
The herpes simplex virus is the most common cause of Encephalitis. Which part of the brain is generally affected?
1 - frontal
2 - parietal
3 - temporal
4 - occipital
3 - temporal
- patients are generally asymptomatic
Which of the following is NOT a common clinical presentations of Encephalitis?
1 - fever
2 - mental disturbance
3 - neck stiffness
4 - severe headache
5 - nausea
6 - vomiting
7 - reduced GCS
3 - neck stiffness
- common in meningitis but not Encephalitis
In addition to the following symptoms fever, mental disturbance, severe headache, nausea and vomiting, patients can present with signs associated with the cost of Encephalitis. If herpes simplex virus (most common) is the cause, which of the following symptoms may also be present specific to the viurus?
1 - herpes simplex rash
2 - conjunctivitis
3 - cold sores
4 - lymphadenopathy
5 - all of the above
5 - all of the above
In Encephalitis, what % of patients have seizures?
1 - 10%
2 - 20%
3 - 33%
4 - 55%
3 - 33%
Which of the following is NOT a common differential for encephalitis?
1 - meningitis
2 - stroke
3 - sub arachnoid haemorrhage
4 - brain tumours
3 - sub arachnoid haemorrhage
In encephalitis what 2 investigations should be performed asap?
1 - lumbar puncture and FBC
2 - lumbar puncture and CT scan
3 - EEG and lumbar puncture
4 - EEG and CT scan
2 - lumbar puncture and CT scan
- MRI imaging within 24-48 hours
Prior to performing a lumbar puncture to help diagnose encephalitis, what must be ruled out?
1 - infection
2 - hypertension
3 - increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
4 - ACS
3 - increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
- if ICP is present the lumbar puncture could cause a drop in CSF
When performing a lumbar puncture, in addition to sending a sample for culturing, we nay see all of the following EXCEPT:
1 - raised protein
2 - raised lymphocytes
3 - reduced glucose
4 - increased glucose
4 - increased glucose
- pathogen and brain are using glucose, so it will be low