Pathology of Ataxia and Gait Disorders Flashcards
What is ataxia?
1 - being able to stand up against gravity
2 - altered motor control affecting balance and gait
3 - involuntary muscle spasms
4 - all of the above
2 - altered motor control affecting balance and gait
- uncoordinated control between agonist and antagonist muscles
What % of people experience gait abnormalities by the time they reach 60?
1 - 1.5%
2 - 15%
3 - 30%
4 - 60%
2 - 15%
What % of people experience gait abnormalities in >85 y/o?
1 - 6%
2 - 16%
3 - 35%
4 - 80%
4 - 80%
What are the 3 key phases of an individuals gait in the correct order?
1 - heel strike, mid stance, toe off
2 - heel strike, toe off, mid stance
3 - mid stance, toe off, heel strike
4 - toe off, heel strike, mid stance
1 - heel strike, mid stance, toe off
What is required for an evaluation of complete gait cycle?
1 - biomechanical equipment
2 - recording of the patient
3 - foot strike from the same foot following alternative foot strike
3 - foot strike from the same foot following alternative foot strike
When we look at the phases of gait, there are 3 measures that we can also take, what are they?
1 - cadence, step, time
2 - cadence, time, stride
3 - cadence, step, stride
4 - time, step, stride
3 - cadence, step, stride
When we look at the phases of gait, there are 3 measures that we can also take. One of these is cadence, what is the definition of cadence?
1 - steps/minute
2 - distance per stride
3 - distance per step
4 - step number
1 - steps/minute
- normal = 115/minute
When we look at the phases of gait, there are 3 measures that we can also take. One of these is stride, what is the definition of stride?
1 - steps/minute
2 - distance per stride
3 - distance per step
4 - step number
2 - distance per stride
- stride is consecutive initial contacts of the same foot with the ground
When we look at the phases of gait, there are 3 measures that we can also take. One of these is cadence, what is the definition of step?
1 - steps/minute
2 - distance per stride
3 - distance per step of alternating legs
4 - step number
3 - distance per step of alternating legs
When we talk about our gait cycle, aprox 60% can be described as the stance phase. What is the stance phase?
1 - foot is in the air
2 - foot is in contact with the floor
2 - foot is in contact with the floor
- when the foot is in contact with the floor
- when we are weight bearing
When we talk about our gait cycle, aprox 60% can be described as the stance phase, which is when the foot is in contact with the floor and we are weight bearing. The stance phase can be further subdivided into 3 stages, what are they?
1 - support, heel off and toe-off phases
2 - strike, toe-off phases and heel strike
3 - strike, support, and toe-off phases
4 - strike, support, and heel-off phases
3 - strike, support, and toe-off phases
When we talk about our gait cycle, aprox 40% can be described as the swing phase, what is the swing phase?
1 - foot is in the air
2 - foot is in contact with the floor
- when the foot leaves the ground and then the same foot touches the ground again
When we talk about out gait cycle, aprox 40% can be described as the swing phase, which is when the foot leaves the ground and then the same foot touches the ground again. This can be further sub-dived into 2 phases, what are they?
1 - heel strike and swing phase
2 - leg lift and swing phases
3 - leg lift and heel strike
4 - heel strike and mid stance
2 - leg lift and swing phases
What is the difference between the single and double support phase when we look at gait cycle?
- single = one foot in contact with the ground giving support
- double = both feet in contact with the ground giving support
During the initial contact of heel strike there are 3 key groups of muscles that are involved. Which muscle group acts on the hip to slow down the forward motion of the lower limb?
1 - psoas major
2 - gluteal maximus
3 - semitendinosus
4 - iliacus
2 -gluteal maximus
During initial contact of heel strike there are 3 key groups of muscles that are involved. What key muscle of the quadriceps keeps the leg extended at the knee and the thigh flexed at the hip?
1 - vastus lateralis
2 - vastus medialis
3 - rectus femoris
4 - biceps femoris
3 - rectus femoris
- as its origin is on the anterior inferior iliac spine
During initial contact of heel strike there are 3 key groups of muscles that are involved. What 3 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg help maintains ankle dorsiflexion, positioning the heel for the strike:
1 - T.anterior, E.hallucis longus + E.digitorum longus
2 - T.anterior, E.pollicis longus + vastus lateralis
3 - T.anterior, E.hallucis longus + soleus
4 - plantar, E.pollicis longus + E.digitorum longus
1 - T.anterior, E.hallucis longus + E.digitorum longus
- ANKLE DORSIFLEXORS
During the stance phase where there is a loading response, where there is the initial double stance phase (2 feet in contact with the floor). What muscles in the thigh are involved in stabilising the knee with leg flexion?
- quadriceps
- vastus medialis, intermedius lateralis and rectus femoris
- LEG FLEXORS
During the stance phase where there is a loading response, where there is the initial double stance phase (2 feet in contact with the floor). Which muscle of the anterior compartment of the leg contracts eccentrically to control plantarflexion?
1 - flexor digitorum longus
2 - extensor hallucis
3 - tibialis anterior
4 - soleus
3 - tibialis anterior
During the mid stance of the gait cycle, which is where there will be single leg support (as we can see below), what muscle in the thigh region contracts eccentrically?
1 - sartorius
2 - gluteus medius
3 - pectineus muscle
4 - gluteus maximus
2 - gluteus medius
During the mid stance of the gait cycle, which is where there will be single leg support (as we can see below), what muscle in the leg contract eccentrically?
1 - gastrocnemius and extensor digitorum longus
2 - tibialis anterior and soleus
3 - gastrocnemius and plantar
4 - gastrocnemius and soleus
4 - gastrocnemius and soleus
- CALF MUSCLES
During the terminal stance phase of the gait cycle (just prior to the pre-swing phase, as we can see below), what muscle in the leg contract during heel rise and continues until the opposite foot heel touches the floor?
1 - gastrocnemius
2 - tibialis posterior
3 - plantar
4 - soleus
2 - tibialis posterior
During the terminal stance phase of the gait cycle (just prior to the pre-swing phase, as we can see below), what muscle in the foot contract during heel rise and continues until the opposite foot heel touches the floor?
1 - flexors of the toes
2 - extensors of the toes
3 - adductors of the toes
4 - abductors of the toes
- TOE FLEXORS
- abductor hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Lumbricals, Quadratus Plantae, Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis,
During pre-swing phase (as we can see below), which is the second double support, what muscle group will then contract to propel the hips forward through hip flexion?
1 - hip flexors
2 - hip extensors
3 - knee flexors
4 - knee abductors
1 - hip flexors
The hip flexors are important during pre-swing phase (as we can see below), which is the second double support. The hip flexors are composed of 5 muscles, label the image below, using the labels:
psoas major iliacus pectineus rectus femoris sartorius
1 - iliacus 2 - rectus femoris 3 - psoas major 4 - pectineus 5 - sartorius
During swing phase (as we can see below), what muscle group will then contract to propel the hips forward through hip flexion?
1 - hip flexors
2 - hip extensors
3 - knee flexors
4 - knee abductors
1 - hip flexors
- contract to pull the hip forward
The mid-swing of the gait cycle is when the foot needs to clear the floor. What group of muscles is involved in achieving this?
1 - knee flexors
2 - hip flexors
3 - ankle plantarflexors
4 - ankle dorsiflexors
4 - ankle dorsiflexors
The ankle dorsiflexors are important in the mid-swing of the gait cycle to ensure the foot clears the floor. What 3 muscles of the ankle dorsiflexors are important here?
1 - tibialis anterior
2 - extensor hallucis longus
3 - extensor digitorum longus
The terminal swing phase of the gait cycle is the point from where tibia is vertical to just prior to initial contact. What group of muscles are important in controlling the movement of the limb forwards?
1 - hip extensors
2 - knee extensors
3 - ankle plantarflexors
4 - knee flexors
4 - knee flexors
- more commonly referred to as hamstrings
What 3 muscles make up the hamstrings?
1 - bicep femoris
2 - semimembranosus
3 - semitendinosus
What is the centre of gravity?
- the balance point of your body
What is the normal centre of gravity in humans?
1 - 5cm anteriorly to L2 vertebral of the spine
2 - 5cm anteriorly to T2 vertebral of the spine
3 - 5cm anteriorly to S2 vertebral of the spine
4 - 5cm anteriorly to S4 vertebral of the spine
3 - 5cm anteriorly to S2 vertebral of the spine
During the normal gait cycle what happens to the centre of gravity in men?
1 - remains the same
2 - moves horizontally 5 degrees
3 - moves backwards 5 degrees
4 - moves vertically 5 degrees
2 - moves horizontally 5 degrees
- only horizontal in men
During the normal gait cycle the centre of gravity (COG) is able to move vertically and horizontally in women. What stage of the gait cycle would the COG be highest?
1 - mid swing phase
2 - swing phase phase
3 - heel strike phase
4 - mid stance phase
4 - mid stance phase