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C. Year 3: SBOM > Myeloproliferative disorders/ Multiple Myeloma > Flashcards

Myeloproliferative disorders/ Multiple Myeloma Flashcards

1
Q

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of the bone marrow in specifically which cells?

1 - T cells
2 - plasma cells
3 - monocytes
4 - natural killer cells

A

2 - plasma cells
- develop from B cells become clones with a specific antibody
- they produce an abnormal immunoglobulin called a PARAPROTEIN

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2
Q

In a healthy patient, do plasma cells secrete antibodies or paraprotein?

A
  • antibodies
  • paraprotein = monoclonal immunoglobulin or light chain present in the blood or urine
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3
Q

What is the incidence of multiple myeloma?

1 - 5 / 1,000,000
2 - 5 / 100,000
3 - 5 / 10,000
4 - 5 / 1000

A

2 - 5 / 100,000

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4
Q

What age is most affected by multiple myeloma?

1 - 18 y/o
2 - 30 y/o
3 - 50 y/o
4 - 70 y/o

A

4 - 70 y/o
- increases with age
- africans have slightly higher risk that caucasians

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5
Q

Is multiple myeloma currently curable?

A
  • no
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6
Q

Although the exact cause of multiple myeloma is unknown, there are risk factors. Which of the following is a risk factor for multiple myeloma?

1 - family history (1st degree relative)
2 - increasing age
3 - increased oncogenes
4 - exposure to toxins
5 - all of the above

A

5 - all of the above

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7
Q

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of the bone marrow, specifically plasma cells. In addition to secreting an abnormal immunoglobulin, they can also secrete what else?

1 - abnormal light chains
2 - abnormal heavy chains
3 - abnormal disulphide bond
4 - abnormal constant region

A

1 - abnormal light chains
- light and heavy chain make up the Fab region that binds to antigens
- important for specific antigen binding

  • can also have different subtypes including kappa and lamba light chains or different immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG etc..)
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8
Q

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of the bone marrow, specifically plasma cells. They can be categorised into the type of immunoglobulin, kappa or lamba that is affected. Which of the following is the most common?

1 - IgA
2 - IgG
3 - IgM
4 - IgD
5 - IgE

A

2 - IgG
- IgG accounts for 2/3 of all cases
- IgA is next most common

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9
Q

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of the bone marrow, specifically plasma cells. Which of the following tissues is NOT typically affected in multiple myeloma?

1 - blood
2 - spleen
3 - heart
4 - bone

A

3 - heart

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10
Q

Multiple myeloma is most common in older adults as it has a slow insidious onset, when typically end organ damage becomes symptomatic. This can be remember using the mnemonic CRAB. What does the C stand for?

1 - carpal tunnel syndrome
2 - cardiac failure
3 - calcium is elevated
4 - all of the above

A

3 - calcium is elevated
- causes hypercalcaemia

  • increased reabsorption of bone, suggests more serious disease
  • remember Bones, Groans, Stones and Psychotic Undertones
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11
Q

Multiple myeloma is most common in older adults as it has a slow insidious onset, when typically end organ damage becomes symptomatic. This can be remember using the mnemonic CRAB. What does the R stand for?

1 - renal insufficiency
2 - retinopathy
3 - reflex hypotonia
4 - all of the above

A

1 - renal insufficiency
- multi factorial

  • hypercalcaemia
  • infections (low WBC variability)
  • dehydration (high Ca2+)
  • medications due to bone pain
  • type 3 hypersensitivtiy
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12
Q

Multiple myeloma is most common in older adults as it has a slow insidious onset, when typically end organ damage becomes symptomatic. This can be remember using the mnemonic CRAB. What does the A stand for?

1 - adrenal insufficiency
2 - anaemia
3 - adenoma
4 - all of the above

A

2 - anaemia
- RBC production is reduced due to overproduction of paraprotein

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13
Q

Multiple myeloma is most common in older adults as it has a slow insidious onset, when typically end organ damage becomes symptomatic. This can be remember using the mnemonic CRAB. What does the B stand for?

1 - breasts
2 - brain
3 - bones
4 - all of the above

A

3 - bones
- malignancy causes bone destruction
- lesions are common
- collapse vertebrae can cause life threatening cord compression

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14
Q

When we try to diagnose myeloma we can do a FBC. Which of the following would NOT be commonly observed?

1 - microcytic anaemia
2 - rouleux
3 - raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate
4 - normocytic, normochromic anaemia

A

1 - microcytic anaemia

  • rouleux = lots of proteins in the blood causing RBCs to stick together which can be seen on histology
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15
Q

When we try to diagnose myeloma, which 2 of the following would be elevated?

1 - creatine
2 - bilirubin
3 - urea
4 - neutrophils

A

1 - creatine
3 - urea

  • kidneys are heavily affected by multiple myeloma
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16
Q

When we try to diagnose myeloma, we can see an elevated Ca2+ due to bone breakdown due to the malignancy. Do we also see a raised alkaline phosphatase (ALP)?

A
  • no
  • ALP = would be expected to be high due to bone breakdown, but not the case
17
Q

In multiple myeloma would we expect to see a raised or reduced beta 2 myoglobulin?

A
  • raised
  • tumour marker for multiple myeloma
18
Q

In multiple myeloma would we expect to see a raised or reduced immunoglobulin level?

A
  • reduced
  • abnormal plasma cells are busy making paraprotein
19
Q

Bence Jones proteins can often be found in the urine in patients with multiple myeloma, which are proteins found in the urine. What is the most common protein that causes Bence Jones proteins?

1 - free kappa chain
2 - free lamba chain
3 - free Ig light chain
4 - free heavy chains

A

3 - free Ig light chain

20
Q

If a patient presents with hypercalcaemia they need to be treated as this is a medical emergency can can cause cardiac arrhythmias including torsade de pointes and ventricular tachycardia. Which of the following would patients NOT be treated with in this instance to manage the hypercalcaemia?

1 - bisphosphonates
2 - fluids
3 - dexamethasone (steroid)
4 - gentamicin

A

4 - gentamicin

  • bisphosphonates = help rebuild bone and absorb Ca2+
  • examples are Alendronic acid, Disodium pamidronate, Zoledronic acid
  • RISK OF JAW OSTEONECROSIS
21
Q

What test can be performed to identify monoclonal antibodies, also known as M proteins in multiple myeloma (MM)?

1 - blood smear
2 - genetic testing
3 - high performance liquid chromatography
4 - Serum protein electrophoresis and/or serum free light chains

A

4 - Serum protein electrophoresis and/or serum free light chains
- in MM the levels of these will be higher than normal
- the exact paraprotein can then be identified

  • in the figure the patient would have an IgG Kappa para protein
22
Q

A bone biopsy is often need for a definitive diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM). What is the cut off for the % of nucleated cells in the bone marrow that need to be made up of monoclonal plasma cells for a diagnosis of MM to be made?

1 - >1%
2 - >10%
3 - >25%
4 - >45%

A

2 - >10%

23
Q

When trying to diagnose patients with multiple myeloma, what is the standard imaging of choice where available?

1 - ultrasound
2 - PET scan
3 - X-ray
4 - MRI

A

4 - MRI
- whole body MRI
- PET scans if MRI unavailable, where contrast is taking up by malignant bones

  • look for osteoporotic or pathological fractures, such as on the image with an L1 compression fracture
24
Q

Which of the following is a neurological medical emergency associated with multiple myeloma?

1 - compartment syndrome
2 - spinal cord compression
3 - cauda equina
4 - meningitis

A

2 - spinal cord compression
- medical emergency that needs an MRI

25
Q

Spinal cord compression a neurological medical emergency associated with multiple myeloma. Whilst waiting for an MRI, what else should be done for the patient?

1 - Bed rest pending scan
2 - Steroids (dexamethasone)
3 - Radiotherapy
4 - Chemotherapy asap
5 - all of the above is this order

A

5 - all of the above is this order
- image shows a plasmacytomas compressing the cord

26
Q

If a patient has no CRAB features but otherwise meets criteria for myeloma ie:

  • abnormal paraprotein or light chains + clonal (malignant rather then normal)
  • > 10% plasma calls in bone marrow

What is the patient called?

1 - asymptomatic or smouldering myeloma
2 - monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
3 - active multiple myeloma
4 - end organ damage multiple myeloma

A

1 - asymptomatic or smouldering myeloma

  • patients are monitored but NOT treated here
27
Q

If a patient has no CRAB features but has raised light chains and/or paraproteins in the bone marrow, what is the patient called?

1 - asymptomatic or smouldering myeloma
2 - monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
3 - active multiple myeloma
4 - end organ damage multiple myeloma

A

2 - monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)

  • patients are monitored but NOT treated here
28
Q

If a patient has CRAB features this is essentially symptomatic myeloma with “end organ damage” and patient will need anti-cancer therapy. Which of the following is NOT part of the 1st line treatment patients are offered?

1 - chemotherapy
2 - antibody therapy
3 - radiotherapy
4 - autologous stem cell transplant if considered ‘fit’)

A

3 - radiotherapy

  • chemotherapy and antibody therapy used to target and kill off plasma cells
29
Q

Which of the following best describes autologues stem cell therapy?

1 - cells taken from animal, humanised and given to patient
2 - cells taken from HLA matched donor and given to patient
3 - patients own cells are removed processed and given back to patient
4 - animal and human cells are mixed and given to the patient

A

3 - patients own cells are removed processed and given back to patient

30
Q

If a patient has CRAB features this is essentially symptomatic myeloma with “end organ damage” and patient will need anti-cancer therapy. Which of the following treatments are used in patients with cord compression or isolated bone pain due to malignancy?

1 - chemotherapy
2 - antibody therapy
3 - radiotherapy
4 - autologous stem cell transplant if considered ‘fit’)

A

3 - radiotherapy
- often given prior to chemotherapy

31
Q

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is one therapy that is now being used in patients with multiple myeloma. What is CAR-T therapy?

1 - donors T cells are modified and inserted into patient to kills plasma cells
2 - patients own T cells are removed, modified and inserted to kill plasma cells
3 - B cells are removed from patients, modified and re-inserted to produce antibodies against plasma cells
4 - all of the above

A

2 - patients own T cells are removed, modified and inserted to kill plasma cells

  • patients typically given chemotherapy before CAR-T is used to wipe out plasma cells
32
Q

In addition to trying to cure the myeloma, patients are treated for their symptoms as well. Which if the following are often used?

1 - back brace (allows vertebral remodelling)
2 - prophylaxis antibiotics or anti-virals for infections
3 - blood clot prevention
4 - physiotherapy
5 - psychiatry
6 - palliative and supportive care
7 - all of the above

A

7 - all of the above

  • back brace is for 3 months
  • blood clot risk is increased due to treatments for myeloma
33
Q

In order to diagnose myeloma, what % of plasma cells does their need to be in the bone marrow?

1 - >5%
2 - 6-10%
3 - >10%
4 - >20%

A

3 - >10%

34
Q

A 60 year old man is found to have an IgG Kappa paraprotein. He has 4% plasma cells in his bone marrow, with a Hb of 135, normal Ca2+ and creatine and he has no bone lesions on MRI. What is this called?

1 - monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
2 - smouldering myeloma
3 - symptomatic myeloma
4 - none of the above

A

1 - monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
- as the diagnostic threshold of plasma cells in bone marrow was not met it is MGUS

  • to be smouldering myeloma he would need to have >10% of plasma cells in the bone marrow AND the abnormal paraprotein
35
Q

A 70 year old woman with myeloma presents with back pain. What is the most useful scan to use to assess her back?

1 - CT whole spine scan
2 - MRI whole spine scan
3 - PET/CT
4 - ultrasound
5 - whole spine X-ray

A

2 - MRI whole spine scan
- best to exclude a cord compression

36
Q

Bony remodelling in myeloma is achieved using which of the following?

1 - bisphosphonates
2 - chemotherapy
3 - radiotherapy
4 - bone marrow transplant

A

1 - bisphosphonates

C. Year 3: SBOM (39 decks)

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