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C. Year 3: SBOM > Imaging of Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Disorders > Flashcards

Imaging of Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

When looking at an T1 sequence MRI scan, which of the following is NOT correct?

1 - CSF = white
2 - grey matter = grey
3 - white matter = white
4 - CSF = black/grey (low signal)

A

1 - CSF = white
- CSF is white on a T2 scan
- grey matter = neuronal cell bodies = grey
- white matter = axons = white

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2
Q

When looking at an T2 sequence MRI scan, which of the following is NOT correct?

1 - CSF = white (high signal)
2 - grey matter = white
3 - white matter = grey
4 - grey matter = grey

A

4 - grey matter = grey
- grey matter = neuronal cell bodies = white
- white matter = axons = grey

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3
Q

In a T2 MRI scan, does pathology typically have a high or low signal?

A
  • high signal
  • typically occurs whiter as tumour cells contain a lot of water
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4
Q

In a T1 MRI scan, does pathology typically have a high or low signal?

A
  • low signal
  • typically grey or darker
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5
Q

In a Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recover (FLAIR), which of the following is NOT correct?

1 - CSF = high signal and appears whiter
2 - CSF = high signal but attenuated so appears black
3 - grey matter = high signal and appears whiter
4 - white matter = low signal and appears darker

A

1 - CSF = high signal and appears whiter

  • FLAIR produces a strong T2 image, BUT suppresses the CSF signal (which is normally white) and minimises the contrast between grey matter (normally appear light grey) and white matter (normally appears dark grey)
  • grey matter = neuronal cell bodies
  • white matter = axons
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6
Q

In a Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recover (FLAIR) does pathology have a high or low signal?

A
  • high signal
  • FLAIR is good to separate CSF from pathology with high sensitivity for pathology
  • FLAIR produces a strong T2 image, BUT suppresses the CSF signal (which is normally white) and minimises the contrast between grey matter (normally appear light grey) and white matter (normally appears dark grey)
  • grey matter = neuronal cell bodies
  • white matter = axons
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7
Q

In a diffuse weighted image does the brain appear darker or lighter in a healthy patient?

A
  • darker
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8
Q

In a diffuse weighted image does pathology appear lighter or darker?

A
  • lighter
  • often this is the best imaging to diagnose strokes
  • abscess, infection and cholesteatoma can also be identified well using this approach
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9
Q

Which of the following techniques of MRI are most sensitive for detecting changes and pathophysiology associated with blood?

1 - FLAIR
2 - T2
3 - echo-T2
4 - diffuse weighted

A

3 - echo-T2
- blood appears black

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10
Q

The memory clinical report assessment parameters include the following:

  • medial temporal atrophy score (MTA) scored 0-4
  • Fazekas score to assess for vessel disease scored 0-3
  • global corticoid atrophy score to assess atrophy of the whole brain scored 0-3

Which of these would be most appropriate when assessing patients with Alzheimer’s?

A
  • medial temporal atrophy score (MTA) scored 0-4
  • temporal atrophy is common in Alzheimers disease
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11
Q

The memory clinical report assessment parameters include the following:

  • medial temporal atrophy score (MTA) scored 0-4
  • Fazekas score to assess for vessel disease scored 0-3
  • global corticoid atrophy score to assess atrophy of the whole brain scored 0-3

Which of these would be most appropriate when assessing patients with vascular dementia?

A
  • Fazekas score to assess for vessel disease scored 0-3
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12
Q

What is the most common cause of dementia?

1 - vascular dementia
2 - Alzheimer’s
3 - frontal lobe dementia
4 - parkinsons disease

A

2 - Alzheimer’s

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13
Q

The medial temporal atrophy score (MTA) scored 0-4 is part of the memory clinical report assessment parameters include the following. Specifically which part of the brain does this focus on?

1 - amygdale
2 - hippocampus
3 - peririhinal cortex
4 - mammillary body

A

2 - hippocampus

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14
Q

The medial temporal atrophy score (MTA) scored 0-4 is part of the memory clinical report assessment parameters include the following. 3 is the worst score and 0 is the best score. What age does the patient have to be for an MTA score >3 to be classed as abnormal?

1 - >50
2 - >65
3 - >75
4 - >80

A

3 - >75

  • an MTA >2 is abnormal in those <75
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15
Q

Although hippocampal atrophy is most common in Alzheimers, which of the following is NOT a differential for this?

1 - frontal lobe dementia
2 - parkinsons disease
3 - previous infection (herpes encephalitis)
4 - autoimmune condition

A

2 - parkinsons disease
- patient history of cognitive decline would confirm the Alzheimers diagnosis

  • previous trauma and/or infection with no cognitive decline should make us think of other causes
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16
Q

Vascular dementia is the 2nd most common form of dementia. Vascular cognitive impairment is often used as vascular dementia is thought of as a spectrum. What is the cut off for mild dementia due to vascular changes?

1 - imaging confirms lacuna lesions
2 - 1-2 standard deviations below the normal
3 - >2 standard deviations above the norm
4 - all of the above

A

2 - 1-2 standard deviations below the normal

  • major is >2 SD above the norm
17
Q

In early onset of Alzheimers (<65 y/o), where in the brain is atrophy commonly observed?

1 - temporal lobe
2 - parietal lobe
3 - frontal lobe
4 - occipital lobe

A

2 - parietal lobe

  • late onset (>65 y/o) is commonly temporal, specifically the hippocampus
18
Q

Infarcts in all of the following are classed as large infarcts, EXCEPT which one?

1 - anterior cerebral artery
2 - vertebrae cerebral artery
3 - middle cerebral artery
4 - posterior cerebral artery

A

2 - vertebrae cerebral artery

19
Q

Infarcts in all of the following are classed as large infarcts,

  • anterior cerebral artery
  • middle cerebral artery
  • posterior cerebral artery

How many of these need to be affected to cause mild vascular cognitive disorder?

1 - all 3
2 - 2
3 - 1

A

3 - 1

  • Vascular dementia requires >1 of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries
20
Q

Lacunar infarcts are called this because following a lacunar stroke the damaged tissue becomes filled with fluid called cysts, resembling a lake. Typically which artery do these arteries affect?

1 - anterior cerebral artery
2 - vertebrae cerebral artery
3 - middle cerebral artery
4 - posterior cerebral artery

A

3 - middle cerebral artery
- specifically the deep branches that supply the basal ganglia

21
Q

Do lacunar infarcts always lead to cognitive impairments?

A
  • no
  • older patients can have 1-2 and have no cognitive impairments
22
Q

How many lacunar infarcts are diagnostic of a vascular cognitive disorder?

1 - >1
2 - >2
3 - >3
4 - >4

A

2 - >2

  • BUT 1 lacunar infarct in a strategic position such as the striatum or thalamus may produce a vascular cognitive disorder, BUT there must be a temporal association
23
Q

The memory clinical report assessment parameters include the Fazekas scoring to assess for vessel disease scored 0-3. What score in a <50 y/o would be classed as abnormal?

1 - >4
2 - >3
3 - >2
4 - >1

A

4 - >1

  • however, other differentials should also be investigated such as multiple sclerosis
24
Q

The memory clinical report assessment parameters include the Fazekas scoring to assess for vessel disease scored 0-3. What score in a 50-60 y/o would be classed as abnormal?

1 - >4
2 - >3
3 - >2
4 - >1

A

3 - >2
- a large proportion of elderly patients have a score of 2

  • a score of 3 is linked with a higher progression to disability
25
Q

The memory clinical report assessment parameters includes the global corticoid atrophy (GCA) score to assess atrophy of the whole brain scored 0-3. What score is abnormal at any age?

1 - 3
2 - 2
3 - 1
4 - 0

A

1 - 3

26
Q

The memory clinical report assessment parameters includes the global corticoid atrophy (GCA) score to assess atrophy of the whole brain scored 0-3. What score is abnormal in those aged <75?

1 - 3
2 - 2
3 - 1
4 - 0

A

2 - 2

27
Q

In Lewy body dementia, is an MRI useful for diagnosis?

A
  • NOT for lewy body dementia
  • used to rule out other pathologies
  • DATscan is better for Lewy body dementia
28
Q

Do dementias such as Alzheimers, lewy bodies dementia always occur in isolation?

A
  • no
  • called mixed dementia and is very common in dementia diagnoses
29
Q

Mixed dementia is very common, but what is the most common dementia that is combined with other dementias?

1 - vascular dementia
2 - Alzheimer’s
3 - frontal lobe dementia
4 - parkinsons disease

A

2 - Alzheimer’s
- Alzheimer’s + Vascular dementia
- Alzheimer’s + Lewys body dementia

30
Q

What is the imaging of choice to diagnose patients with neurocognitive disorders?

1 - ultrasound
2 - MRI
3 - CT
4 - PET-CT

A

2 - MRI

31
Q

We can use nuclear medicine to identify which areas of the brain are well perfused (in yellow on image) and those that are hypoperfused (blue/purple on image). What is the most common hypoperfused site in Alzheimers disease?

1 - Bilateral temporoparietal hypoperfusion
2 - Bilateral temporoparietal hypoperfusion with other defects:
3 - Unilateral temporoparietal hypoperfusion
4 - Frontal hypoperfusion

A

1 - Bilateral temporoparietal hypoperfusion

  • interestingly, around 19% of patients with Alzheimer’s can have a normal brain perfusion
32
Q

Which scanning technique is most effective for diagnosing Parkinsons?

1 - Nuclear medicine scan
2 - MRI
3 - CT-PET
4 - DaTSCAN

A

4 - DaTSCAN
- DAT = dopamine active transporter
- a dopamine transporter radioligand
is used to assess the pre-synaptic striatal uptake in the basal ganglia of the brain

33
Q

A DaTSCAN (dopamine active transporter) that is able to measure the dopamine transporter radioligand used to assess the pre-synaptic striatal uptake in the basal ganglia of the brain. Is this technique able to distinguish between Lewy bodies dementia and Parkinson’s disease dementia?

A
  • no
34
Q

A DaTSCAN is a dopamine transporter radioligand used to assess the pre-synaptic striatal uptake in the basal ganglia of the brain. If a DaTSCAN is abnormal, is this more likely to be Lewy Bodies dementia or Alzheimers dementia?

A
  • Lewy Bodies dementia (LBD)
  • DaTscan is able to detect deficient dopaminergic presynaptic transport in substantia nigra and striatum is typical for Lewy body disease BUT not Alzheimers
35
Q

Which 2 of the following can be used as markers for Alzheimers?

1 - a-synuclein
2 - tau protein
3 - amyloid B
4 - sarcoid

A

2 - tau protein
3 - amyloid B

36
Q

In the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease, which 2 of the following markers are the first to become abnormal?

1 - amyloid
2 - CSF tau
3 - CSF AB42
4 - FDG-PET

A

1 - amyloid
3 - CSF AB42

37
Q

MRI is the 1st line imaging for neurocognitive impairment disorders. If the MRI is inconclusive and Parkinsons has been ruled out, we can use the SPECT with HMPAO or ECD. However, if we want to look at patterns of brain metabolism we should use what?

1 - PET-CT
2 - FDG-PET/CT
3 - DeTSCAN
4 - Amyloid scans

A

2 - FDG-PET/CT
- amyloid scans are sensitive for Alzheimers disease

38
Q

MRI is the 1st line imaging for neurocognitive impairment disorders. What is the next imaging modality that should be used?

1 - PET-CT
2 - FDG-PET/CT
3 - DeTSCAN
4 - SPECT with HMPAO or ECD

A

4 - SPECT with HMPAO or ECD

C. Year 3: SBOM (39 decks)

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