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Microbiology > Viewing Bacterial Cells > Flashcards

Viewing Bacterial Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List 7 types of microscopes

A

1) compound
2) inverted
3) phase contrast
4) confocal
5) fluorescence
6) Electron (TEM & SEM)
7) Scanning probe ( SPM & STM)

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2
Q

Bright Field Microscopy

A

renders dark image against a lighter background

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3
Q

Dark Field Microscopy

A

increases contrast, renders brighter image against darker background

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4
Q

What are the 3 important parameters of microscopy

A

1) magnification
2) resolution
3) contrast

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5
Q

Total magnification=

A

Objective Magnification x Ocular Magnification

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6
Q

What is Resolution

A

ability to distinguish to points that are close together or
clarity in image

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7
Q

What is contrast?

A

difference between object and its background
or difference in intensity between 2 objects

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8
Q

What is Magnification?

A

ratio of image to its real size

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9
Q

what is path of light for a compound microscope?

A

illuminator-condenser lenses-specimen-objective lens-body-prism that separates light into ocular lens- line of vision

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10
Q

What does the addition of immersion oil do when using compound light microscope?

A

increases magnification and resolution

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11
Q

How does immersion oil work

A

light bends as it enter glass and as it leaves it into air. some of that scattered light does not go into objective lens. with immersion oil light travels at same speed of glass and does not refract which allows more light to enter objective lens

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12
Q

what is dark field microscope best used for?

A

live or unstained biological samples or single cell organism

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13
Q

What is a darkfield stop?

A

opaque light stop that is inserted into bright field microscope which is used to create a darkfield image

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14
Q

how does a darkfield stop work?

A

it blocks light traveling from the illuminator to the objective lens which allows only light that was reflected off sample to reach eye

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15
Q

How are the pieces placed in an inverted microscope?

A

inverted position compared to regular compound

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16
Q

What is an inverted microscope used for

A

viewing of biological material in tissue culture or petri dish
living cells or organism in more natural environment

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17
Q

How does Phase microscope work?

A

uses phase contrast in specimen to create high resolution images w/o staining

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18
Q

What are Phase Microscopes best used for?

A

viewing live unstained specimens and structures (i.e endospores and organelles)

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19
Q

how does fluorescence microscopy work

A

uses UV light to fluoresce objects. contrast is imporved

20
Q

how does fluorescence microscopy work

A

uses UV light to fluoresce objects. contrast is improved

21
Q

What is fluorescence microscopy best used for

A

1) ID Pathogens
2) distinguish between dead/living cells
3) find particular species
4) find location of specific molecule w/in a cell
5) immunofluorescence

22
Q

How does direct immunofluorescence work

A

stain is absorbed by primary antibody which binds to antigen

23
Q

How does indirect immunofluorescence work?

A

stain absorbed by 2ndary antibody which binds to primary antibody which in turns binds to antigen

24
Q

How does a Confocal microscope work?

A

users laser to scan multiple Z-planes to produce multiple 2D images that can be constructed in 3D image

25
Q

What are confocal microscopes best used for

A

viewing thick specimens i.e biofilms

26
Q

How does Electron microscope works

A

uses electron beams focused with magnets to produce image

27
Q

List 2 types of Electron Microscope

A

Transmission Electron Microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope

28
Q

How does the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) work and what is it best used for

A

uses electron beam that passes through specimen to see small images
best used to see small/thin specimens and subcellular structures

29
Q

How does the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) work and what is it best used for

A

uses electron beam to visualize surfaces
best used to observe 3D surface detail of specimens

30
Q

What is an ultramicrotome

A

machine that slices specimen into thin slices

31
Q

how does a scanning electron microscope work

A

uses sharp probes that are passed over surface of specimen and interact directly with it

32
Q

scanning electron microscopes can produce magnification up to…

A

100,000,000x

33
Q

what are the 2 types of scanning electron microscopes

A

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)

34
Q

Why do microorganisms need to be stained

A

they need to be stained in order to increase visibility and accentuate specific morphological features

35
Q

Define a Dye and its composition

A

its organic contains Benzene ring + chromophore + auxochrome group

36
Q

In a dye, what is Chromgen composed of?

A

Benzene ring + Chromophore

37
Q

In a Dye, what is the Benzene ring

A

Organic, colorless substance

38
Q

In a Dye what is. Chromophore

A

chemical that imparts color to Benzene (the coloring compound)

39
Q

In a Dye, what is Auxochrome?

A

the ionization agent. allows salt to form to bind to tissues and fibre

40
Q

list the 4 types of dye classification

A

Origin
Purpose
Activity
Based on charge

41
Q

list the types of origin dyes (2)

A

1) naturual
2) Synthetic

42
Q

List the types of dyes based on their purpose

A

1) direct
2) indirect
3) selective
4) differential

43
Q

List type of dye-based on staining activity

A

1) nuclear
2) cytoplasmic
3) Histological

44
Q

List dye types based on charge

A

1) Acid (-)
2) base (+)
3) Salts of acid and base

45
Q

what is a Mordant

A

substance that forms insoluble compound w/stain to help fix color on cell

46
Q

Explain purpose for Schaeffer-Fulton stain and whats it used for

A
  • Used for endospore staining
  • primary dye that is used is Melachite Green, then heat so it can fix dye so it acts like a mordant. 2ndary dye safranin that dyes pink or red

Microbiology (17 decks)

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