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Microbiology > Mechanism of Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Mechanism of Microbial Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the Pyrimidines

A
  1. Cytosine (C)
  2. Thymine (T) in DNA, Uracil (U) in RNA
  • They are a 1 ring system
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2
Q

List the Purines

A
  1. Adenine (A)
  2. Guanine (G)
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3
Q

What is DNA made up of

A
  1. Phosphate group
  2. Deoxyribose (sugar)
  3. Nitrogenous base (A,T, C,G)
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4
Q

What type of bond exist between nitrogen bases in DNA

A

Hydrogen Bond

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5
Q

What is Genetic Code

A

set of rules that determine how a nucleotide sequence is converted into AA sequence of a protein

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6
Q

Define Genotype

A

The organism genetic makeup

  • represents potential properties but not properties themselves
    *
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7
Q

Define Phenotype

A

actual expressed properties

  • manifestation of the genotype
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8
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biolgoy

A

Describes flow of genetic information in cells

DNA-mRNA-Protein

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9
Q

DNA Pol I

A

Exonuclease

  • removes RNA primer and replaces w/ newly syn. DNA
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10
Q

DNA Pol II

A

Repair Function

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11
Q

DNA Pol III

A

Main enzyme

  • Adds nucleotides in 5’-3’ direction
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12
Q

Helicase

A

unwinds DNA helix by breaking H bonds between nitrogenous bases

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13
Q

Ligase

A

seals gaps between Okazaki fragments to create 1 continuous DNA strand

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14
Q

Primase

A

Synthesizes RNA primers needed to start replication

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15
Q

Sliding Clamp

A

Helps hold DNA polymerase in place when nucleotides being added

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16
Q

Topoisomerase

A

helps relieve stress on DNA when unwinding by causing breaks and then resealing DNA

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17
Q

Single-stranded binding proteins (SSB)

A

binds to single-stranded DNA to avoid DNA rewinding back

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18
Q

DNA replication is Non-specific, explain

A

Once DNA replication starts it does not until it is done

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19
Q

In what direction is DNA read and in what direction is it synthesized

A
  1. 3’-5’
  2. 5’-3’
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20
Q

Where does DNA replicaiton start? what is the name of the site?

A

it starts at site called Origin (ori) and proceeds in both directions around chromosome

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21
Q

Explain the process in Initiation during Replicaiton

A
  • DNA replication starts at site called Origin (Ori) site.
  • Helicase binds to DNA strand and unwinds in both directions of chromosome to create a Replication Fork
  • Single-Stranded Binding Protein (SSB)binds to single strand of DNA to keep it from winding back
  • Polymerase synthesis RNA Primer which is required to start replication process.
  • DNA Pol I removes RNA primer which then allows DNA Pol III to add nucleotides in 5’-3 direction
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22
Q

Explain the Elongation process

A

The replication fork has a leading strand and a lagging strand

  • In the Leading Strand, nucleotides are added continuoulsy by DNA Pol III
  • In Lagging Stran, nucleotides are added in segments called Okazaki Fragments which each has its own RNA Primer.
  • DNA Pol I removes the primers so DNA Pol III can add nucleotides
  • Ligase seals the gaps between Okazaki Fragments
23
Q

Explain Termination process in Replicaiton

A

In bacteria involves the resolution of circular DNA concatemers by Topoisomerase IV to release 2 copies of circular chromosome

24
Q

list the 3 stop codons

A
  1. UGA
  2. UAG
  3. UAA
25
Q

Start Codons

A

AUG

26
Q

what is a point mutation

A

mutation in which a single base is substituted or replace by another

27
Q

What is an insertion mutation?

A

addition or one or more bases

28
Q

What is a deletion mutation

A

removal of one or more bases

29
Q

when does spontaneous mutation occur? do they occur naturally or are induced?

A

occurs during replication process where DNA Pol III

30
Q

What is a transition mutation

A

a purine (A or G) or Pyrimidine (C or T) is replaced by other other

31
Q

what is a transversion mutation

A

when purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or vice-versa

this is most common mechanism of mutaiton

32
Q

what is a frameshift mutation

A
33
Q

what are the potential outcomes for an insertion or deletion of a base

A
  1. Silent mutation: mutation changes original codon to another codon that codes for same AA
  2. missense mutation: mutation changes original codon into another codon that codes for different AA
  3. nonsense: mutant stop codon replaces a wild type codons, terminating translation and now have shorter protein
34
Q

list the kinds of mutations and what do the act on

A
  • physical
  • chemical
  • biological

They act on DNA directly

35
Q

what can potentially prevent bacterial cells if there has been a mutagen

A

an SOS response which temporary induces cell cycle arrest and mutagenesis

36
Q

explain the effect of a physical mutation, example, and type of mutation that can occure

A
  • UV exposure or radiation
  • UV radiation damages DNA by creating covalent linkages between adjacent pyrimidine bases
  • inhibits replication and translation
  • usually results in deletion mutation
37
Q

explain the effects of ionizing radition and what type of radiation is it

A

ionizing radiation can cause a break in phosphate back bone, can be single stranded break or double stranded break

38
Q

explain effects of non-ionizing radiation and what type of mutagen is it

A

non-ionizing radiation can lead to thymine dimers that can stall replication and transcription.

it causes frameshift mutation or point mutation

it’s a physical mutation

39
Q

What are chemical mutations

A

mutagens that directly/indirectly induce mutation

40
Q

list the type of chemical mutagens

A
  1. Base analogs
  2. Reactive oxygen species
  3. Deaminating Agents
  4. Flat Aromatic Compounds
  5. Alkylating Agents
41
Q

what are biological agents of mutations

A

they come from sources of DNA from elements like transposons and viruses

42
Q

what is a transposon

A

sequence of DNA that can relocate and replicate autonomously

43
Q

list the 3 types of transposons and what they do

A
  1. Replicative Transposon keep original locus and translocate a copy
  2. conservative Transposon is when original transposon relocates
  3. Retrotransposon transpose via RNA intermediates
44
Q

what are the significance of a mutation?

A
  1. it can help understand the function of a gene
  2. a mutation can be induced at a specific region to produce a suitable mutagen
  3. spontaneous mutation can cause bacteria to have to increase antibiotic resistance
  4. mutations can cause change in phenotype
45
Q

list 2 ways antibiotic resistance can occur

A
  1. through mutations
  2. acquisition of resistance from other bacteria
46
Q

how are thymine dimer mutations fixed

A

they are fixed through photoreactivation (light repair) in presence of visible light

  • enzyme called photolyase recognizes the distortion and binds to the dimer
47
Q

how do you test to detect or select mutations

A

using Ames Test to ID mutagenic potentially carcinogenic chemicals

  • use of Salmonella histidine auxotroph
48
Q

What is an Auxotroph

A

Any microorganism that has nutritional requirements that are not present in parents

49
Q

what does replica plating test for

A

ID of auxotrophs

50
Q

list the results of mutation (8)

A
  1. missense mutation
  2. nonsense mutation
  3. silent mutation
  4. frameshift mutation
  5. lethal mutation
  6. conditional lethal mutation
  7. suppressor mutation
  8. inversion mutation
51
Q
A
52
Q

What is Genetic Recombination

A

The exchange of genes between 2 DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome

53
Q

explain the steps in DNA Recombination

A
  1. DNA from one cell aligns with DNA in the recipient cell
  2. DNA from donor aligns with complementary base pairs in recipient chromosome, crossing over
  3. RecA protein catalyzes joining of 2 strands
  4. recipient chromosome now contains new DNA
54
Q

how can asexual prokaryotes get genetic diversity (horizontal Gene transfer)

A
  1. Transformation: DNA obtained from environment. DNA remains separate as plasmid or incorp into host genome
  2. Transduction: bacteriophage injects DNA that has hybrid viral DNA and previously infected bacterial cell
  3. Conjugation: DNA transferred through sex pili

Microbiology (17 decks)

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