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Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 fundamental components that cells

A

1) Cytoplasm
2) plasma membrane
3) Chromosomes
4) Ribosomes

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2
Q

List 6 prokaryotic cells shapes

A

1) Cocci
2) Bacilli
3) Coccobacilli
4) Vibrio
5) Spirlla
6) sphirochette

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3
Q

List 7 Prokaryotic cell arrangement

A

1) Cooci (Single)
2) Bacilli (single)
3) diplococci (2 cocci)
4) Tetrad
5) streptococci
6) staphylococci
7) streptobacilli

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4
Q

Higher S/V ratio means

A

smaller cell, better nutrient exchange

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5
Q

list bacteria external cell structure

A

1) Flagella
2) Capsule
3) fimbria and Pili

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6
Q

Structures inside bacteria cell wall (5)

A

1) cytoplasm
2) nucleoid
3) vacuoles
4) cell membrane
5) Inclusions

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7
Q

Function of prokaryotic cell wall

A

protection against osymotic lysis (prevent cell form expanding)

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8
Q

what is a Cytoplasmic inclusion

A

concentrated deposit of fats, polysaccharides and polyphosphate

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9
Q

What are cytoplasmic inclusions for

A

storage meant for use in future

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10
Q

what is Poly-B-Hydroxybutyrate (PHB)

A

cytoplasmic inclusion that stores Carbon and energy

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11
Q

Glycogen inclusion

A

polymer of glucose, stores Carbon and energy

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12
Q

volutin granule

A

stores excess phosphate.

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13
Q

What is a volutin granule used for

A

storage of phosphate and syn of phospholipid and nucleic acid

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14
Q

Gram-positive bacteria stain what color?

A

Purple

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15
Q

Gram-Negatvie Bacteria stain what color?

A

Pink

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16
Q

Lists the steps (4) for Gram staining and the colors cells appear in each step

A

1) primary stain, Crystal Violet, stains all cells purple
2) Iodine (mordant) is used. all cells remain purple
3) alcohol is used, decolorized. Gram + cells remain purple. Gram - cells are colorless
4) anti-stain, Sfranin, stains gram- cells pink. gram+ remain purple

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17
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall made of

A

Peptidoglycan (murein) structure

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18
Q

The bacterial cell wall is made up of what 2 polymers

A

1) saccharide subunit

2) amino subunit

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19
Q

The saccharide component of bacterial cell walls has what 2 alternating repeating 2 AA sugars

A

1) NAM (N-Acetyl Muramic Acid)

2) NAG (N-Acetyl Glucosamine

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20
Q

NAM & NAG are linked by?

A

Glycosidic Bond

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21
Q

list 4 tetrapeptides in Gram + Bacteria

A

1) L-alanine
2) D-Glutamine
3) L-Lysine
4) D-Alanine

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22
Q

Which tetrapeptide is switched in Gram- Bacteria and what is it switched for

A

L-Lysine is switched for DAP (Diaminopimelic Acid)

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23
Q

what enzyme binds the tetrapeptides together in bacteria cells

A

Transglycosylase

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24
Q

Teichoic Acids can be found in?

A

Gram + cell wall

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25
LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) can be found in?
Gram- cell wal
26
LPS consists of
1) Lipid A 2) Core Polysaccharide 3) O chain or O Antigen
27
What are the 6 important factors of LPS
1) create permeability barrier 2) plays role in biofilm formation and surface attachment 3) stabilized the membrane (Lipid A) 4) creates negative charge (Core) 5) acts as an endotoxin (LipidA) 6) protection against host (O Antigen)
28
what breaks down NAM & NAG bonds
Lysozyme
29
What inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
Penicillin
30
protoplast
cell completely lacks a cell wall
31
spheroplast
cell that has some cell wall intack
32
Mycobacterium are the causative agents for?
TB & Leprosy
33
Mycobacterium have what extra chemical associated with their cell wall?
Mycolic Acid which is a waxy lipid
34
Mycolic Acid in Mycobacterium help with
desiccation (drying out)
35
Mycobacterium is also known as? What kind of stain do they require
Acid Fast Bacteria, Acid Fast Stain
36
Archaeal cell walls composed of (3)
1) Unique lipids 2) isoprene units (5 Carbon Branched) 3) Ether linkages rather than ester linkages
37
Archaeal cell walls contain peptidoglycan. true or false
False
38
What is the name of Archaea wihout cell wall. What does it contain instead
Mycoplasma, contain triple lipoprotein membrane layer
39
What are the 6 functions of a prokaryotic plasma membrane
1) Surrounds cytoplasm 2) selectively permeable 3) interacts w/ environment 4) receptors for detection and signaling of chemicals in the environment 5) transport system 6) metabolic process
40
List the types of transport mechanisms in prokaryotes (3)
1) passive transport (simple diffusion) 2) facilitated diffusion 3) Active transport
41
Simple diffusion in prokaryotes is?
diffusion of solutes down their concentration gradient directly across phospholipid layer
42
facilitated diffusion in prokaryotes is?
movement of solutes through membrane, down their concentration gradient with help of transport protein
43
Active Transportation in prokaryotes is?
active transport against a concentration gradient, the energy required. done with membrane pump
44
List 5 functions of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton
1) maintain cells shape 2) anchors proteins and enzymes 3) plays role in cell division and protein localization 4) intracellular track for movement of vesicles by moto proteins 5) contractility and movement
45
FtsZ does what? where is it located in
forms filaments, prokaryotic cytoskeleton
46
MreB and ParM do what? Where are they located in?
maintenance of cell shape, prokaryotic cytoskeleton
47
CreS (Crescentin)
maintaining cell shape
48
Plasmids are what and where are they found
extrachromosomal DNA found in bacteria, archaea, some fungi
49
Prokaryotic Ribosome function
protein synthesis
50
Prokaryotic Ribosomes size
70S
51
70S Ribosome composed of what size subunits
30S small subunit | 50S large subunit
52
Ribosomes are composed of
protein and rRNA components (structure)
53
Mesosomes function
cellular respiration
54
metachromatic granules
type of inclusion, store phosphate and energy
55
Glycocalyx
the gelatinous sticky substance that surrounds cell wall
56
Capsule
a Glycocalyx that is tightly associated with cell wall, organized
57
slime layer
a glycocalyx that is loosely associated with cell wall, unorganized
58
Functions of Glycocalyx (6)
1) protection from host defenses (phagocytosis) 2) protection from harsh environmental conditions (desiccation) 3) protection against chemicals (detergents) 4) attachment to surfaces 5) protection from viral infection or predation from bacteria 6) aids in motility of gliding bacteria
59
What is a biofilm
an ecosystem of million bacteria, their cellular waste, and other extracellular material
60
What is an Endospore
small round, thick wall, resting cell that forms inside a bacterial cell
61
List 3 types of endospore formation
1) central endospore 2) Terminal endospore 3) lateral endospore
62
process in which vegetative cells become an endospore
sporulation or sporogenesis
63
List the 8 steps of sporulation
1) DNA replicated 2) DNA alignment on cells long axis 3) cytoplasmic membrane invaginates to form Forespore 4) cytoplasmic membrane continues to grow to form 2nd membrane. vegetative DNA disintegrates 5) Core of Calcium and dipicolinic acid form between the 2 membranes 6) spore coat forms 7) maturation for spore coat: this is where it is highly resistant to heat and chemical 8) endospore is release
64
What is the process of conversion of endospore to vegetative cell
1) Activation 2) germination 3) outgrowth
65
type of bacterial flagella arrangements
1) monotrichious 2) amphitrichous 3) lophotrichous 4) peritrichous 5) atrichous
66
Monotrichous Flagella
single polar flagella
67
Amphitrichous Flagella
1 flagella extending from each end
68
lophotrichous
cluster of flagella on end, can be on one end of both ends
69
peritrichous
flagella evenly distributed across cell
70
atrichous
no flagella present
71
what is the function of bacterial flagella?
1) motility 2) pathogenicity 3) antigenicity
72
What is the structure of bacterial flagella
1) basal body 2) hook 3) filament
73
Gram-negative flagella contain what rings in their basal body
L&P | S&M
74
Gram-positive flagella contain what rings in their basal body
S&M only
75
Bacterial flagella movement are in what direction
flagella move counterclockwise
76
what are bacterial fimbriae and what are they used for?
Many thin hair-like extensions | used for attachment to surfaces and other cells
77
What is a special type of bacterial fimbriae and what is it used for
Pili | used for sex, bacterial conjugation the exchange of information. fewer pili and longer than fimbriae
78
The plasma membrane of Eukaryotes is made up of?
1) proteins 2) Cholesterol 3) phospholipids
79
List types of passive transport in Eukaryotes
1) simple diffusion | 2) Facilitated diffusion
80
List type of active transport in Eukaryotes
1) Endocytosis 2) receptor-mediated endocytosis 3) exocytosis
81
List the 2 types of endocytosis and what they contain
1) Phagocytosis: solids | 2) Pinocytosis: liquids
82
What are the components of the Endomembrane System (6)
1) nuclear envelope 2) ER 3) Golgi Apparatus 4) vacuoles 5) Lysosomes 6) plasma membrane
83
what is the Eukaryotic endomembrane system
System of organelles that regulate protein traffic and perform metabolic functions in cell
84
What is the Eukaryotic ER?
serious of membranes, tubules, sacs, and flattened disc that modify proteins and syn lipids
85
what does the Rough ER do?
Syn proteins into glycoproteins
86
what does the smooth ER do?
synthesis essential lipids such as phospholipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones and stores Calcium ions * detox drugs and poisons, releases calcium
87
Golgi Apparatus function
modifies proteins into glycoproteins and lipids into glycolipids which are inserted in plasma membrane
88
What size are Eukaryotic ribosomes
80S
89
list subunit of 80S ribosome
1) 40S small subunit | 2) 60S Lare subunit
90
List steps for the process of Ribosomes production (4)
1) Ribosomal proteins in the cytoplasm are transported to the nucleus through nuclear pores 2) rRNA is assembled w/ ribosomal proteins to form small and large subunit 3) both subunits leave the nucleus through nuclear pores 4) small and large subunits join with mRNA during protein synthesis
91
What are the functions of mitochondria?
1) maintains cell metabolic activity 2) plays role in apoptosis 3) helps detox ammonia in liver cells 4) helps maintain an adequate concentration of calcium ions
92
What is a lysosome
membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes that digest molecules
93
what can lysosomes hydrolyze
Fats, proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids
94
What are peroxisomes
organelles similar to lysosomes but get rid of body toxic substances and other metabolites

Microbiology (17 decks)

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