Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
What are the 4 fundamental components that cells
1) Cytoplasm
2) plasma membrane
3) Chromosomes
4) Ribosomes
List 6 prokaryotic cells shapes
1) Cocci
2) Bacilli
3) Coccobacilli
4) Vibrio
5) Spirlla
6) sphirochette
List 7 Prokaryotic cell arrangement
1) Cooci (Single)
2) Bacilli (single)
3) diplococci (2 cocci)
4) Tetrad
5) streptococci
6) staphylococci
7) streptobacilli
Higher S/V ratio means
smaller cell, better nutrient exchange
list bacteria external cell structure
1) Flagella
2) Capsule
3) fimbria and Pili
Structures inside bacteria cell wall (5)
1) cytoplasm
2) nucleoid
3) vacuoles
4) cell membrane
5) Inclusions
Function of prokaryotic cell wall
protection against osymotic lysis (prevent cell form expanding)
what is a Cytoplasmic inclusion
concentrated deposit of fats, polysaccharides and polyphosphate
What are cytoplasmic inclusions for
storage meant for use in future
what is Poly-B-Hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
cytoplasmic inclusion that stores Carbon and energy
Glycogen inclusion
polymer of glucose, stores Carbon and energy
volutin granule
stores excess phosphate.
What is a volutin granule used for
storage of phosphate and syn of phospholipid and nucleic acid
Gram-positive bacteria stain what color?
Purple
Gram-Negatvie Bacteria stain what color?
Pink
Lists the steps (4) for Gram staining and the colors cells appear in each step
1) primary stain, Crystal Violet, stains all cells purple
2) Iodine (mordant) is used. all cells remain purple
3) alcohol is used, decolorized. Gram + cells remain purple. Gram - cells are colorless
4) anti-stain, Sfranin, stains gram- cells pink. gram+ remain purple
What is a bacterial cell wall made of
Peptidoglycan (murein) structure
The bacterial cell wall is made up of what 2 polymers
1) saccharide subunit
2) amino subunit
The saccharide component of bacterial cell walls has what 2 alternating repeating 2 AA sugars
1) NAM (N-Acetyl Muramic Acid)
2) NAG (N-Acetyl Glucosamine
NAM & NAG are linked by?
Glycosidic Bond
list 4 tetrapeptides in Gram + Bacteria
1) L-alanine
2) D-Glutamine
3) L-Lysine
4) D-Alanine
Which tetrapeptide is switched in Gram- Bacteria and what is it switched for
L-Lysine is switched for DAP (Diaminopimelic Acid)
what enzyme binds the tetrapeptides together in bacteria cells
Transglycosylase
Teichoic Acids can be found in?
Gram + cell wall
LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) can be found in?
Gram- cell wal
LPS consists of
1) Lipid A
2) Core Polysaccharide
3) O chain or O Antigen
What are the 6 important factors of LPS
1) create permeability barrier
2) plays role in biofilm formation and surface attachment
3) stabilized the membrane (Lipid A)
4) creates negative charge (Core)
5) acts as an endotoxin (LipidA)
6) protection against host (O Antigen)
what breaks down NAM & NAG bonds
Lysozyme
What inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
Penicillin
protoplast
cell completely lacks a cell wall
spheroplast
cell that has some cell wall intack
Mycobacterium are the causative agents for?
TB & Leprosy
Mycobacterium have what extra chemical associated with their cell wall?
Mycolic Acid which is a waxy lipid
Mycolic Acid in Mycobacterium help with
desiccation (drying out)
Mycobacterium is also known as? What kind of stain do they require
Acid Fast Bacteria, Acid Fast Stain
Archaeal cell walls composed of (3)
1) Unique lipids
2) isoprene units (5 Carbon Branched)
3) Ether linkages rather than ester linkages
Archaeal cell walls contain peptidoglycan. true or false
False
What is the name of Archaea wihout cell wall. What does it contain instead
Mycoplasma, contain triple lipoprotein membrane layer
What are the 6 functions of a prokaryotic plasma membrane
1) Surrounds cytoplasm
2) selectively permeable
3) interacts w/ environment
4) receptors for detection and signaling of chemicals in the environment
5) transport system
6) metabolic process
List the types of transport mechanisms in prokaryotes (3)
1) passive transport (simple diffusion)
2) facilitated diffusion
3) Active transport
Simple diffusion in prokaryotes is?
diffusion of solutes down their concentration gradient directly across phospholipid layer
facilitated diffusion in prokaryotes is?
movement of solutes through membrane, down their concentration gradient with help of transport protein
Active Transportation in prokaryotes is?
active transport against a concentration gradient, the energy required. done with membrane pump
List 5 functions of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton
1) maintain cells shape
2) anchors proteins and enzymes
3) plays role in cell division and protein localization
4) intracellular track for movement of vesicles by moto proteins
5) contractility and movement
FtsZ does what? where is it located in
forms filaments, prokaryotic cytoskeleton
MreB and ParM do what? Where are they located in?
maintenance of cell shape, prokaryotic cytoskeleton
CreS (Crescentin)
maintaining cell shape
Plasmids are what and where are they found
extrachromosomal DNA found in bacteria, archaea, some fungi
Prokaryotic Ribosome function
protein synthesis
Prokaryotic Ribosomes size
70S
70S Ribosome composed of what size subunits
30S small subunit
50S large subunit
Ribosomes are composed of
protein and rRNA components (structure)
Mesosomes function
cellular respiration
metachromatic granules
type of inclusion, store phosphate and energy
Glycocalyx
the gelatinous sticky substance that surrounds cell wall
Capsule
a Glycocalyx that is tightly associated with cell wall, organized
slime layer
a glycocalyx that is loosely associated with cell wall, unorganized
Functions of Glycocalyx (6)
1) protection from host defenses (phagocytosis)
2) protection from harsh environmental conditions (desiccation)
3) protection against chemicals (detergents)
4) attachment to surfaces
5) protection from viral infection or predation from bacteria
6) aids in motility of gliding bacteria
What is a biofilm
an ecosystem of million bacteria, their cellular waste, and other extracellular material
What is an Endospore
small round, thick wall, resting cell that forms inside a bacterial cell
List 3 types of endospore formation
1) central endospore
2) Terminal endospore
3) lateral endospore
process in which vegetative cells become an endospore
sporulation or sporogenesis
List the 8 steps of sporulation
1) DNA replicated
2) DNA alignment on cells long axis
3) cytoplasmic membrane invaginates to form Forespore
4) cytoplasmic membrane continues to grow to form 2nd membrane. vegetative DNA disintegrates
5) Core of Calcium and dipicolinic acid form between the 2 membranes
6) spore coat forms
7) maturation for spore coat: this is where it is highly resistant to heat and chemical
8) endospore is release
What is the process of conversion of endospore to vegetative cell
1) Activation
2) germination
3) outgrowth
type of bacterial flagella arrangements
1) monotrichious
2) amphitrichous
3) lophotrichous
4) peritrichous
5) atrichous
Monotrichous Flagella
single polar flagella
Amphitrichous Flagella
1 flagella extending from each end
lophotrichous
cluster of flagella on end, can be on one end of both ends
peritrichous
flagella evenly distributed across cell
atrichous
no flagella present
what is the function of bacterial flagella?
1) motility
2) pathogenicity
3) antigenicity
What is the structure of bacterial flagella
1) basal body
2) hook
3) filament
Gram-negative flagella contain what rings in their basal body
L&P
S&M
Gram-positive flagella contain what rings in their basal body
S&M only
Bacterial flagella movement are in what direction
flagella move counterclockwise
what are bacterial fimbriae and what are they used for?
Many thin hair-like extensions
used for attachment to surfaces and other cells
What is a special type of bacterial fimbriae and what is it used for
Pili
used for sex, bacterial conjugation the exchange of information. fewer pili and longer than fimbriae
The plasma membrane of Eukaryotes is made up of?
1) proteins
2) Cholesterol
3) phospholipids
List types of passive transport in Eukaryotes
1) simple diffusion
2) Facilitated diffusion
List type of active transport in Eukaryotes
1) Endocytosis
2) receptor-mediated endocytosis
3) exocytosis
List the 2 types of endocytosis and what they contain
1) Phagocytosis: solids
2) Pinocytosis: liquids
What are the components of the Endomembrane System (6)
1) nuclear envelope
2) ER
3) Golgi Apparatus
4) vacuoles
5) Lysosomes
6) plasma membrane
what is the Eukaryotic endomembrane system
System of organelles that regulate protein traffic and perform metabolic functions in cell
What is the Eukaryotic ER?
serious of membranes, tubules, sacs, and flattened disc that modify proteins and syn lipids
what does the Rough ER do?
Syn proteins into glycoproteins
what does the smooth ER do?
synthesis essential lipids such as phospholipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones and stores Calcium ions
* detox drugs and poisons, releases calcium
Golgi Apparatus function
modifies proteins into glycoproteins and lipids into glycolipids which are inserted in plasma membrane
What size are Eukaryotic ribosomes
80S
list subunit of 80S ribosome
1) 40S small subunit
2) 60S Lare subunit
List steps for the process of Ribosomes production (4)
1) Ribosomal proteins in the cytoplasm are transported to the nucleus through nuclear pores
2) rRNA is assembled w/ ribosomal proteins to form small and large subunit
3) both subunits leave the nucleus through nuclear pores
4) small and large subunits join with mRNA during protein synthesis
What are the functions of mitochondria?
1) maintains cell metabolic activity
2) plays role in apoptosis
3) helps detox ammonia in liver cells
4) helps maintain an adequate concentration of calcium ions
What is a lysosome
membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes that digest molecules
what can lysosomes hydrolyze
Fats, proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids
What are peroxisomes
organelles similar to lysosomes but get rid of body toxic substances and other metabolites
