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microbiology > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 fundamental components that cells

A

1) Cytoplasm
2) plasma membrane
3) Chromosomes
4) Ribosomes

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2
Q

List 6 prokaryotic cells shapes

A

1) Cocci
2) Bacilli
3) Coccobacilli
4) Vibrio
5) Spirlla
6) sphirochette

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3
Q

List 7 Prokaryotic cell arrangement

A

1) Cooci (Single)
2) Bacilli (single)
3) diplococci (2 cocci)
4) Tetrad
5) streptococci
6) staphylococci
7) streptobacilli

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4
Q

Higher S/V ratio means

A

smaller cell, better nutrient exchange

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5
Q

list bacteria external cell structure

A

1) Flagella
2) Capsule
3) fimbria and Pili

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6
Q

Structures inside bacteria cell wall (5)

A

1) cytoplasm
2) nucleoid
3) vacuoles
4) cell membrane
5) Inclusions

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7
Q

Function of prokaryotic cell wall

A

protection against osymotic lysis (prevent cell form expanding)

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8
Q

what is a Cytoplasmic inclusion

A

concentrated deposit of fats, polysaccharides and polyphosphate

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9
Q

What are cytoplasmic inclusions for

A

storage meant for use in future

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10
Q

what is Poly-B-Hydroxybutyrate (PHB)

A

cytoplasmic inclusion that stores Carbon and energy

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11
Q

Glycogen inclusion

A

polymer of glucose, stores Carbon and energy

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12
Q

volutin granule

A

stores excess phosphate.

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13
Q

What is a volutin granule used for

A

storage of phosphate and syn of phospholipid and nucleic acid

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14
Q

Gram-positive bacteria stain what color?

A

Purple

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15
Q

Gram-Negatvie Bacteria stain what color?

A

Pink

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16
Q

Lists the steps (4) for Gram staining and the colors cells appear in each step

A

1) primary stain, Crystal Violet, stains all cells purple
2) Iodine (mordant) is used. all cells remain purple
3) alcohol is used, decolorized. Gram + cells remain purple. Gram - cells are colorless
4) anti-stain, Sfranin, stains gram- cells pink. gram+ remain purple

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17
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall made of

A

Peptidoglycan (murein) structure

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18
Q

The bacterial cell wall is made up of what 2 polymers

A

1) saccharide subunit

2) amino subunit

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19
Q

The saccharide component of bacterial cell walls has what 2 alternating repeating 2 AA sugars

A

1) NAM (N-Acetyl Muramic Acid)

2) NAG (N-Acetyl Glucosamine

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20
Q

NAM & NAG are linked by?

A

Glycosidic Bond

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21
Q

list 4 tetrapeptides in Gram + Bacteria

A

1) L-alanine
2) D-Glutamine
3) L-Lysine
4) D-Alanine

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22
Q

Which tetrapeptide is switched in Gram- Bacteria and what is it switched for

A

L-Lysine is switched for DAP (Diaminopimelic Acid)

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23
Q

what enzyme binds the tetrapeptides together in bacteria cells

A

Transglycosylase

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24
Q

Teichoic Acids can be found in?

A

Gram + cell wall

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25
Q

LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) can be found in?

A

Gram- cell wal

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26
Q

LPS consists of

A

1) Lipid A
2) Core Polysaccharide
3) O chain or O Antigen

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27
Q

What are the 6 important factors of LPS

A

1) create permeability barrier
2) plays role in biofilm formation and surface attachment
3) stabilized the membrane (Lipid A)
4) creates negative charge (Core)
5) acts as an endotoxin (LipidA)
6) protection against host (O Antigen)

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28
Q

what breaks down NAM & NAG bonds

A

Lysozyme

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29
Q

What inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

A

Penicillin

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30
Q

protoplast

A

cell completely lacks a cell wall

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31
Q

spheroplast

A

cell that has some cell wall intack

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32
Q

Mycobacterium are the causative agents for?

A

TB & Leprosy

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33
Q

Mycobacterium have what extra chemical associated with their cell wall?

A

Mycolic Acid which is a waxy lipid

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34
Q

Mycolic Acid in Mycobacterium help with

A

desiccation (drying out)

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35
Q

Mycobacterium is also known as? What kind of stain do they require

A

Acid Fast Bacteria, Acid Fast Stain

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36
Q

Archaeal cell walls composed of (3)

A

1) Unique lipids
2) isoprene units (5 Carbon Branched)
3) Ether linkages rather than ester linkages

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37
Q

Archaeal cell walls contain peptidoglycan. true or false

A

False

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38
Q

What is the name of Archaea wihout cell wall. What does it contain instead

A

Mycoplasma, contain triple lipoprotein membrane layer

39
Q

What are the 6 functions of a prokaryotic plasma membrane

A

1) Surrounds cytoplasm
2) selectively permeable
3) interacts w/ environment
4) receptors for detection and signaling of chemicals in the environment
5) transport system
6) metabolic process

40
Q

List the types of transport mechanisms in prokaryotes (3)

A

1) passive transport (simple diffusion)
2) facilitated diffusion
3) Active transport

41
Q

Simple diffusion in prokaryotes is?

A

diffusion of solutes down their concentration gradient directly across phospholipid layer

42
Q

facilitated diffusion in prokaryotes is?

A

movement of solutes through membrane, down their concentration gradient with help of transport protein

43
Q

Active Transportation in prokaryotes is?

A

active transport against a concentration gradient, the energy required. done with membrane pump

44
Q

List 5 functions of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton

A

1) maintain cells shape
2) anchors proteins and enzymes
3) plays role in cell division and protein localization
4) intracellular track for movement of vesicles by moto proteins
5) contractility and movement

45
Q

FtsZ does what? where is it located in

A

forms filaments, prokaryotic cytoskeleton

46
Q

MreB and ParM do what? Where are they located in?

A

maintenance of cell shape, prokaryotic cytoskeleton

47
Q

CreS (Crescentin)

A

maintaining cell shape

48
Q

Plasmids are what and where are they found

A

extrachromosomal DNA found in bacteria, archaea, some fungi

49
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosome function

A

protein synthesis

50
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosomes size

A

70S

51
Q

70S Ribosome composed of what size subunits

A

30S small subunit

50S large subunit

52
Q

Ribosomes are composed of

A

protein and rRNA components (structure)

53
Q

Mesosomes function

A

cellular respiration

54
Q

metachromatic granules

A

type of inclusion, store phosphate and energy

55
Q

Glycocalyx

A

the gelatinous sticky substance that surrounds cell wall

56
Q

Capsule

A

a Glycocalyx that is tightly associated with cell wall, organized

57
Q

slime layer

A

a glycocalyx that is loosely associated with cell wall, unorganized

58
Q

Functions of Glycocalyx (6)

A

1) protection from host defenses (phagocytosis)
2) protection from harsh environmental conditions (desiccation)
3) protection against chemicals (detergents)
4) attachment to surfaces
5) protection from viral infection or predation from bacteria
6) aids in motility of gliding bacteria

59
Q

What is a biofilm

A

an ecosystem of million bacteria, their cellular waste, and other extracellular material

60
Q

What is an Endospore

A

small round, thick wall, resting cell that forms inside a bacterial cell

61
Q

List 3 types of endospore formation

A

1) central endospore
2) Terminal endospore
3) lateral endospore

62
Q

process in which vegetative cells become an endospore

A

sporulation or sporogenesis

63
Q

List the 8 steps of sporulation

A

1) DNA replicated
2) DNA alignment on cells long axis
3) cytoplasmic membrane invaginates to form Forespore
4) cytoplasmic membrane continues to grow to form 2nd membrane. vegetative DNA disintegrates
5) Core of Calcium and dipicolinic acid form between the 2 membranes
6) spore coat forms
7) maturation for spore coat: this is where it is highly resistant to heat and chemical
8) endospore is release

64
Q

What is the process of conversion of endospore to vegetative cell

A

1) Activation
2) germination
3) outgrowth

65
Q

type of bacterial flagella arrangements

A

1) monotrichious
2) amphitrichous
3) lophotrichous
4) peritrichous
5) atrichous

66
Q

Monotrichous Flagella

A

single polar flagella

67
Q

Amphitrichous Flagella

A

1 flagella extending from each end

68
Q

lophotrichous

A

cluster of flagella on end, can be on one end of both ends

69
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella evenly distributed across cell

70
Q

atrichous

A

no flagella present

71
Q

what is the function of bacterial flagella?

A

1) motility
2) pathogenicity
3) antigenicity

72
Q

What is the structure of bacterial flagella

A

1) basal body
2) hook
3) filament

73
Q

Gram-negative flagella contain what rings in their basal body

A

L&P

S&M

74
Q

Gram-positive flagella contain what rings in their basal body

A

S&M only

75
Q

Bacterial flagella movement are in what direction

A

flagella move counterclockwise

76
Q

what are bacterial fimbriae and what are they used for?

A

Many thin hair-like extensions

used for attachment to surfaces and other cells

77
Q

What is a special type of bacterial fimbriae and what is it used for

A

Pili

used for sex, bacterial conjugation the exchange of information. fewer pili and longer than fimbriae

78
Q

The plasma membrane of Eukaryotes is made up of?

A

1) proteins
2) Cholesterol
3) phospholipids

79
Q

List types of passive transport in Eukaryotes

A

1) simple diffusion

2) Facilitated diffusion

80
Q

List type of active transport in Eukaryotes

A

1) Endocytosis
2) receptor-mediated endocytosis
3) exocytosis

81
Q

List the 2 types of endocytosis and what they contain

A

1) Phagocytosis: solids

2) Pinocytosis: liquids

82
Q

What are the components of the Endomembrane System (6)

A

1) nuclear envelope
2) ER
3) Golgi Apparatus
4) vacuoles
5) Lysosomes
6) plasma membrane

83
Q

what is the Eukaryotic endomembrane system

A

System of organelles that regulate protein traffic and perform metabolic functions in cell

84
Q

What is the Eukaryotic ER?

A

serious of membranes, tubules, sacs, and flattened disc that modify proteins and syn lipids

85
Q

what does the Rough ER do?

A

Syn proteins into glycoproteins

86
Q

what does the smooth ER do?

A

synthesis essential lipids such as phospholipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones and stores Calcium ions
* detox drugs and poisons, releases calcium

87
Q

Golgi Apparatus function

A

modifies proteins into glycoproteins and lipids into glycolipids which are inserted in plasma membrane

88
Q

What size are Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80S

89
Q

list subunit of 80S ribosome

A

1) 40S small subunit

2) 60S Lare subunit

90
Q

List steps for the process of Ribosomes production (4)

A

1) Ribosomal proteins in the cytoplasm are transported to the nucleus through nuclear pores
2) rRNA is assembled w/ ribosomal proteins to form small and large subunit
3) both subunits leave the nucleus through nuclear pores
4) small and large subunits join with mRNA during protein synthesis

91
Q

What are the functions of mitochondria?

A

1) maintains cell metabolic activity
2) plays role in apoptosis
3) helps detox ammonia in liver cells
4) helps maintain an adequate concentration of calcium ions

92
Q

What is a lysosome

A

membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes that digest molecules

93
Q

what can lysosomes hydrolyze

A

Fats, proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids

94
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

organelles similar to lysosomes but get rid of body toxic substances and other metabolites

microbiology (17 decks)

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