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History As Level > Vietnam > Flashcards

Vietnam Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the nfl’s aim after 1956

How did the try and achieve this ?

A

Consolidating communist control in North Vietnam in order to fight for the reunionifcation of Vietnam
Land reform

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2
Q

What failed for nfl after 1956

A

August 1956 6000 were executed and many more imprisoned in labor camps and after this Ho Chi Minh was forced to issue a public apology for the failure of the land reform programme
However the significance of agricultural reform was great although there was this failure . Collectivisation was in place

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3
Q

What had happened for the nfl’s by 1959

A

The strategy to consolidate communism in the North was well under way allowed Ho Chi Minh to consider a route to the unification of Vietnam more fully. It was a declaration of war.
Realised there was a powerful political struggle ? Devised a plan to overthrow diems regime and U.S. Backers by supporting anti dime groups in the south

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4
Q

Describe diem regime and how this caused opposition

A

Nepotistic leader.
Ngo dinh nhu was prime minister
Used economic aid used for agricultural improvements for own pleasure
1957- Eisenhower referred die. As the miracle man of Asia
Repression of people only escalated then people’s hate

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5
Q

What was the nfl’s

A

Created in December 1960 was to free South Vietnam from U.S. imperialism and reunify Vietnam
Catholics couldn’t grip the replacement of French masters to Vietnam ones
Nationalists rejected American imperialism and Vietnam lacked .
Communists wanted to creation of a communist Vietnam
10 point programme: institute a largely liberal and democratic system

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6
Q

What were kennedys aim

A

Ensuring Vietnam remained capitalist and do this would commit containment and notion of domino theory. Flexible response :
Us as non nuclear capability should be expanded - reduced risk of nuclear capability and allow to react to wider range of threats
This flexible response would end eisenhowers retaliation strategy - nuclear power wouldn’t end insurgency relfecting USA fear of China
and ussr’s growing strength
Counterinsurgency

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7
Q

What was the strategic hamlet program what was its weaknesses

A

Hamlets would house South Vietnamese rural peasant s from confronting the Vietcong themselves. By 1962 there were over 3000 hamlets . Large failure - peasants had to erect own fences and corrupt officials would use irrigation projects and medical supplies for themselves aim was to create a basic intstitute of democracy but entered more people into the Vietcong.

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8
Q

What happened in the Buddhist crisis

A

May q1963 Buddhists were banned from flying Buddha flag in honour of Buddha while. Catholics were encouraged to fly papal flags previous week
In a speech made my tri quant nine people were killed. Tri quant met with U.S. Officials and blamed the USA for the problems because they were supporting diem

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9
Q

The assassination of diem

A

Henry lodge the head of the state department of the Far East bureau recommended by roger hilsman to explore alternative leadership in South Vietnam . 29th August lodge aggreed with Kennedy to keep diem as the problems would be solved
Kennedy was reluctant to be directly involved with removal of sovereign states elected leader it would mean USA put in whole new position in protecting. Countries in Far East from communism

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10
Q

Assassination of diem part 2

A

Diem was not prepared to curtail repression or bring nhu under some degree of control
War could not be won with diem in power
1 November 1963 South Vietnamese Rebels carried out a coup against diem and regime

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11
Q

What were johnsons aims for Vietnam and how did he implement them

A

Primary aim was to achieve a quick victory without need to commit USA to major escalation of its role in Vietnam and avoid them being americanised.
January 1964 Oplan 34a- covert action (progressively escalating pressure to inflict increasing punishment on North Vietnam
Not willing a negotiation
Did continue kennedy’s policy increasing military advisors 16,300 to 23,000 and counterinsurgency

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12
Q

Why did the USA Western European allies concern over johnsons policy

A

Especially France - general Charles de Gaulle increasing involvement could repeat France’s experience in India China

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13
Q

Gulf of Tonkin incident

A

August 1964
U.S. Naval vessel attacked by North Vietnamese force in gulf of Tonkin
7 August - congress agreed to allow Johnson the power to take whatever action he felt nessercary to resist anymore armed attacks.without congress ‘like grandmas nightshirt’ covers everything

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14
Q

Why was the situation in Vietnam start deteriorating for the USA in 1964

A

China supplying military supplies
USSR established diplomatic links with the nfl’s and set up a permanent mission in Moscow and military equipment sent
First of North Vietnamese forces travel down Ho Chi Minh trail
Strengthen position in many parts of the south e.g Mekong delta
Gulf of Tonkin failed to bolster South n government anti American among population as well as back home highly televised
South n army low state of moral inadequate training and low pay

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15
Q

What help did Johnson reject and why

A

Why?- economic might of USA North Vietnam would back down
In Secretary General u Thant tried to arrange talks as well as efforts by Canadians
7th April 1965 key note speech - American policy in which country can are pride

In repsonse to this nv offered 4 point proposal
USA must withdraw within Geneva agreements
Neither n or s form a military alliance whilst divided
South v internal affairs dealt with by people
Peaceful reunification must only be settled by people of both zones

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16
Q

What did Johnson do in repsonse to four point proposal

A

Though acceptance may lead to unified Vietnam vulnerable to communism
The marine battalions, air squadron, 20.000 troops decision to escalate usa’s military role on 28 July 1965
By July 75000 troops deployed
To nv it showed no longer defending South Vietnam but doing it for own interest boosted desire to win

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17
Q

How was the engagement in ia drang valley effect tactics

A

300 dead USA
2000 dead nv
Victory for both for USA it was the high death rate of enemy
Nv- held their position didn’t give up suffered life for country

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18
Q

Strengths of the USA

A

USA economic might - air field and helicopter pads constricted 1967 one million tons of supplies each month , and was able to deliver troops directly to where they needed without risk of ambush
U.S. 7th fleet controlled the sea around Vietnam free access to serving bases for air attacks

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19
Q

USA weaknesses

A

Operation rolling thunder 1965-68
B52 bombs destroy nv economy and undermine Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces - when nv lost forces ussr’s and chin would supply more
1962- operation ranch hand spraying chemicals with purpose to defoliate jungle and exploit enemy e,g agent orange and orange blue - further alienated the Vietnamese peasants as their crops and livelihoods were destroyed
Anti personnel bombs pineapple bombs peasant victim of weapon and napalm
Search and destroy - find and destroy enemy in jungle and in rural villages = unessercary deaths
Idea of doing this so peasant would reject Vietcong support failed
Largely televised army had low morale
Martin Luther king questioned validity war had on civil rights even to be blamed for failure to carry out social reforms that Johnson was supposedly committed to. Lots of blacks drafted into Vietnam

20
Q

Strengths. Of Vietcong

A

Determination of ideology and nationalism of n v greatest power and unlike U.S. forces knew their way around the country and support of ussr’s and China
Ability to gain recruits among anti American disaffected rural peasants
Principles of nfl’s followed Mao : do not destroy crops, always keep your word. Always show respect to peasants, always support peasants
Guerrilla tactics-
Inability to engage in conventional warfare to undermine U.S. Forces low morale and resolve
Complex tunnels
Booby traps to hide Vietcong trip wires that would set off ground grenades and ambush small groups of U.S. forces
Ho Chi Minh trail - passed through Cambodia , Laos into South Vietnam although a regular target never disabled

21
Q

Vietcong weaknesses

A

Degree of dependency on ussr’s and China
Births economy couldn’t sustain a prolonged war even with guerrilla tactics
No guaranteed support of South Vietnamese peasants e.g yet offensive

22
Q

What was the the offensive

A

February 1968
Simulates nous military attacks launched against us
Idea was to stimulate and uprising against American with support of South Vietnamese
31 jan comm troops entered
24 feb South flag finally returned
25000 killed 5009 captured
Showed not that USA had faced debate but the war had reached a stalemate

23
Q

How did USA help France in indochina

A

By 1952, France had suffered 90,000 by 1954 USA was paying for 75 percent of costs of war

24
Q

Why did USA get involved with Vietnam

A

Domino theory
Particularly seen as vulnerable to spread of communism
Vietnam part as a wider strategy for Asia based on containing communism by defending South Vietnam , Taiwan , and Japan rather than simply just defending stability of Vietnam on its own. Useful as a marketplace for Japanese goods and strengthening Japan

25
Q

Why did USA not commit troops

A

General ridgeway - war in indochina would absorb our troops by the division
Eisenhower conscious of USA unilateral military action so continued with diplomatic solution

26
Q

What was China and just role in early stages of Vietnam

A

USSR supported diplomatic rather than a military solution to growing nationalist struggle in Vietnam
China wanted to appear moderate but also put pressure onto chi Minh to negotiate end of war

27
Q

What had happened by 1954

A

French at point of military defeat at dine bien phu this point negitotiations at Geneva conference were convened it was the first time that nation,Australia force beat and elite troops form a European country

28
Q

Geneva conference

A

July 1954
17th parallel dividing line
Two zones
French forces move out if the north French out of the North
Not intended to be permanent and national election to take place in two years

29
Q

What went wrong at the Geneva conference

A

USA and regime set up in the south refused to the agreements
Summed up by Eisenhower as pro American independent non communist state

30
Q

What where Nixons idea about the war in Vietnam

A

I’m not going to end up like lbj I’m going to end the war fast
Peace with honour

31
Q

What was Vietnamization

A

Part of a wider strategy to limit the uses forces in foreign conflict that was u winnable

32
Q

Was Vietnamization a abode meant of South Vietnam for against

A

Slo withdrawal June 543,000 in 1969 , January 1972 156,000, June 1972 47,000 committed to a win in South Vietnam
Didn’t tend to leave without victory -
Arvn 82,000in 1968 to on e million 1970 resisted an offence s- 8000 casualties then x5 more in North operation linebacker -150,000 tons of bombs on North - reintroduction of bombing and invasion of Cambodia and Laos
Tried to get North to negotiate by encouraging them that they secure against any threats bringing about withdrawal of North which fulfilled the nfl objectives

33
Q

Vietnamization was a abandonment of South Vietnam for argument

A

Would negat growing opposition and strengthen his own power would want to end war quickly
Made more dependant on us high casualty rates , low morale corruption officers was on basis on loyalty level of desertation was high
Positive outcome for Nixon but ultimately little to strengthen us as aim of peace with honour

34
Q

Extension of war into Cambodia

A

March 1969
Operation menu was aimed to targeting areas regarded as safe by the North Vietnamese army and Vietcong , to severe the north side supply lines on Ho Chi Minh trail
Pressurising the n Vietnamese into agreeing an acceptable peace settlement
Compensate for planned Vietnamization so keep morale of army up

35
Q

How did USA increase role in Cambodia

A

March 1970 head of state prince norodom was overthrown by the pro U.S. general lon nol
In response n Vietnam increased presence in Cambodia by backing ant nol communist movement Khmer Rouge led by pol pot

36
Q

What did Nixon fear in Cambodia and how did he deal with this

A

Possibility of communist Cambodia as North Vietnamese and pol pot moved towards it capital phnom penh in March 1970
This force would undermine Nixons Vietnamization because U.S. Forces would be needed to counter any pro North Vietnamese assaults on South v from Cambodia

Is Nixon showed a force in Cambodia would show nv that U.S. Committed to sv
Add pressure on them to compromise in diplomacy and thereby negotiating USA position this resulted in sv with U.S. air support carrying out cross boarder raids on Cambodia

37
Q

USA commitment to Cambodia

A

April 1970 USA committed 20,000 ground troops to Cambodia

Force was negated by later Nixon announcement would be withdrawing 150000 from sv in one year

38
Q

Consequences of extending the war to Cambodia

A

The ability of the Vietcong to operate in Cambodia were seriously undermined by the fact large no of jungle had been destroyed
Large amounts of vietcongs supplies and equipment were either captured or destroyed
No strategic gains for the U.S. From incursions into Cambodia
Any possibility that North Vietnam would launch a major offensive on the South Vietnam undermined due to the losses incurred in Cambodia

39
Q

Constant battle between comm and cap in Cambodia

A

Nv moved deeper into Cambodia and supported Khmer Rouge in order to overthrow lon nol and establish a comm regime under pol pot
Committed to USA to safe guarding lon nils regime as well as s Vietnam regime
Invasion of Cambodia increased the USA commitment while it was trying to withdraw forces and pressure nv into negotiation in order that Nixon achieve peace with honour

40
Q

Student protests

A

In May 1970 widespread of student protests erupted
Kent state university four students shot dead by the U.S. National guard
Fuelled nationwide protests
June - senate voted to remove the gulf of Tonkin and with its unfettered control of conduct of the Vietnam war

41
Q

Why did the negative impacts not effect Nixon

A

Determined not to lose the war and ensure Hanoi enabled him to withdraw from Vietnam peacefully and with honour .
This meant extending the war still further by attacking the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos

42
Q

Khmer rouges brutal regime

A

Responsible for one of the worst killings of the 20th century
In power 1975-79
Tried to take Cambodia back to Middle Ages
From cities to communal farming whole families died from execution and starvation etc
Based in remote jungle and mountain area in north west of Vietnam
Right wing military coup toppled head of state price norodom in 1970 entered a coalition with him and began attracting increasing support
Influenced by surrounding hill tribes - who were self sufficient in communal living start at year zero

43
Q

Pol pot

A 
Thought to be an intellectual of any sort was killed 
From educated middle class were tortured 
S21 jails 17,000 men and children and women killed
44
Q

End of the Khmer Rouge

A

Overthrown in 1979
The higher echelons of the party retreated to remote areas where they remained active but power became less and less
Stories influence the killing fields the movie
Pol pot denounced by former comrades and 1997 sentenced to house arrest

45
Q

Laos

A

Advance of 1972 feared communist push
Disabling Ho Chi Minh trail through Laos would disrupt logistical support the North were so reliant on
Congress had banned U.S. Troops from entering Cambodia after Cambodian incursion so would be carried out by South Vietnamese army with support of U.S. forces

46
Q

Laos

A

Feb 1971 activated operation lam son 719
To support a Arun invasion of Laos with U.S. air support to disrupt nv forces and invasion of South
Inadequate number of seven attacked 30,000.
Faced strong resistance and forced to withdraw
Only showed Arvn was weak
Leadership was weak and only interested in pleasing president Nguyen van theiui than winning battles
He ordered that when casualties reached 3000 Arvn would stop any advance only got half way to this target before they withdrew

47
Q

Consequences of Laos

A

Operation proved that South only able to stand up to North with us support
Encouraged North to. Become More offensive rather than defensive
Vietnamization was increasingly failing to move the USA towards peace with honour

History As Level (15 decks)

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